Epicuticular waxes of Salix species in relation to their overwintering survival and biomass productivity

Hietala, Timo; Laakso, Simo; Rosenqvist, Heikki

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00263-7

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The oven was programmed as follows: an initial temperature of 60°C was increased to 200°C at a rate of 10°C per min, then 4°C per min to 300°C, and held at 300°C for 15 min. Identification of the individual components was based on: computer matching with commercial mass spectra libraries (NBS 75 K;NIST 1999;McLafferty and Stauffer 1994), mass spectra reported in the literature (Hietala et al 1995), and co-injection with authentic samples of palmitic acid, pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, and triacontane from the compound library at INQUINOA-CONICET. Mass spectra of compounds from which we lacked authentic standards are shown in Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Both Volatiles and Cuticular Plant Compounds Determine Oviposition of the Willow Sawfly Nematus oligospilus on Leaves of Salix spp. (Salicaceae)

Braccini¹,

Vega

Aráoz

et al. 2015

J Chem Ecol

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Plant volatile organic compounds play a role in selection of host plants by herbivorous insects. Once the insect reaches the plant, contact cues determine host acceptance. Although the willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) can differentiate among willow genotypes, no knowledge is available on the cues used by this insect to seek and accept the host plant. In this study, we recorded behavioral orientation in a Y-tube olfactometer of willow sawfly females to volatiles of the highly preferred genotype Salix nigra and the non-preferred genotype S. viminalis. The volatiles released by undamaged willows of each genotype were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Contact cues were evaluated first by oviposition preference bioassays after selective leaf wax removal, and then by studying the micromorphology of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces and their chemical composition. Willow sawfly females oriented preferentially to S. nigra volatiles, which contained more than 3 times the amount of volatiles than that collected from S. viminalis. Analysis of volatiles showed significant differences in amounts of (Z) and (E)-β-ocimene, undecane, decanal, and β-caryophyllene. The adaxial leaf surface of S. nigra was less preferred after wax removal, suggesting a role of cuticular waxes for oviposition acceptance. No differences were found among the micromorphology of leaf surfaces between preferred and non-preferred genotypes. The chemical analysis of cuticular waxes showed that the abaxial leaf surface of S. viminalis, which is completely avoided for oviposition, possessed 97% of alkanes. The accepted leaf surfaces contained a more diverse wax profile including alcohols, acids, and esters. Thus, non-alkane wax compounds might be related to oviposition. In sum, our study suggests that several cues act in concert to provide oviposition cues for the sawfly N. oligospilus: females are attracted to volatiles from a distance, and once alighting on the plant, they seek specific chemical contact cues in order to lay eggs.

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Both Volatiles and Cuticular Plant Compounds Determine Oviposition of the Willow Sawfly Nematus oligospilus on Leaves of Salix spp. (Salicaceae)

Braccini¹,

Vega

Aráoz

et al. 2015

J Chem Ecol

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“…), hybrid poplar (Populus spp. ), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; Bengtson et al, 1978;O'Toole et al, 1979;Hietala et al, 1995;Jenks et al, 1995;Cameron et al, 2002). An optimal amount of wax per unit area was observable in sorghum; further wax deposition did not significantly increase resistance to water loss (Jordan et al, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Accumulation of Cuticular Wax and Expression of Lipid Transfer Protein in Response to Periodic Drying Events in Leaves of Tree Tobacco

2005

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Cuticular wax deposition and composition affects drought tolerance and yield in plants. We examined the relationship between wax and dehydration stress by characterizing the leaf cuticular wax of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca L. Graham) grown under periodic dehydration stress. Total leaf cuticular wax load increased after each of three periods of dehydration stress using a CH 2 Cl 2 extraction process. Overall, total wax load increased 1.5-to 2.5-fold, but composition of the wax was not altered. Homologous series of wax components were classified into organic groups; n-hentriacontane was the largest component (.75%) with alcohols and fatty acids representing ,10% of the entire wax load. An increase in density, but no change in the three-dimensional shape, of leaf wax crystals was evident under low-kV scanning electron microscopy after each drying event. Leaves excised from plants subjected to multiple drying events were more resistant to water loss compared to leaves excised from well-watered plants, indicating that there is a negative relationship between total wax load and epidermal conductance. Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are thought to be involved in the transfer of lipids through the extracellular matrix for the formation of cuticular wax. Using northern analysis, a 6-fold increase of tree tobacco LTP gene transcripts was observed after three drying events, providing further evidence that LTP is involved in cuticle deposition. The simplicity of wax composition and the dramatic wax bloom displayed by tree tobacco make this an excellent species in which to study the relationship between leaf wax deposition and drought tolerance.

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“…Likewise to the saturated n-alkanoic acids, the higher concentrations of n-alkanols in the upper topsoil under S. viminalis and P. trichocarpa × deltoides than in the reference soil might result from clone-specific quality of the leaf litter (Hietala et al 1995). Again, the higher concentrations of n-alkanols under these clones suggest a high capability of C org accumulation.…”

Section: Relation Of C Org Concentrations and Summed Aliphatic Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For P. trichocarpa × deltoides this can be explained by the total annual litter production which was largest among the four clones (30 t ha −1 year −1 ) but not for S. viminalis (7 t ha −1 year −1 ; personal communication B. Boelcke). The higher summed concentrations of aliphatic lipids in the litter of S. caprea × viminalis (4432 μg g −1 ) than of S. viminalis (4257 μg g −1 ) might be explained by its higher productivity, since high productivity of Salix clones is correlated with a high wax and, thus, lipid content in the leaves (Hietala et al 1995). In line with this assumption, the annual biomass production (wood dry mass) of S. caprea × viminalis at this test site (18 t ha −1 year −1 ) was larger than of S. viminalis (7 t ha −1 year −1 ) (personal communication B. Boelcke).…”

Section: Relation Of C Org Concentrations and Summed Aliphatic Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This indicated clone-specific differences in the concentrations of nalkanes in the genus Populus as already described for clones of Salix spp. by Rosenqvist and Laakso (1991) and Hietala et al (1995). The sporadic occurrence of branched alkanes (C 13 to C 19 ) without any even or odd predominance in the soils and in the litter can be explained by their origin from bacteria and algae (Han et al 1967).…”

Section: Relation Of C Org Concentrations and Summed Aliphatic Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The impact of short rotation coppice on the concentrations of aliphatic soil lipids

et al. 2011

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The aim was to investigate how short rotation coppice (SRC) on arable soil in Northern Germany altered the concentrations of soil lipids, and thus, soil organic matter (SOM) quality. The concentrations of organic C and aliphatic lipids were determined in the litter and underlying soil layers under two willow (Salix caprea × viminalis clone 6, S. viminalis clone 78-183) and two poplar (Populus trichocarpa × deltoides cv. Beaupré, P. nigra × maximowiczii cv. Max 4) clones at a 14-year-old SRC and a permanent arable reference site. High organic C concentrations in the topsoil under S. viminalis and P. trichocarpa × deltoides agreed with high concentrations of long C-chain saturated n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols and n-alkanes. These disproportionally higher concentrations of long C-chain saturated n-alkanoic acids (factor 3.6) and n-alkanols (factor 3.8) under S. viminalis and of n-alkanols (factor 3.9) under P. trichocarpa × deltoides than in an arable reference treatment indicated a lower microbial decomposability and, thus, a clone-specific accumulation of these SOM constituents. The clone-specific enrichments in long C-chain saturated n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols and n-alkanes indicate that clone selection may be an approach to additional long-term storage of atmosphere CO 2 in the form of stable SOM under SRC.

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Epicuticular waxes of Salix species in relation to their overwintering survival and biomass productivity

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Both Volatiles and Cuticular Plant Compounds Determine Oviposition of the Willow Sawfly Nematus oligospilus on Leaves of Salix spp. (Salicaceae)

Both Volatiles and Cuticular Plant Compounds Determine Oviposition of the Willow Sawfly Nematus oligospilus on Leaves of Salix spp. (Salicaceae)

Increased Accumulation of Cuticular Wax and Expression of Lipid Transfer Protein in Response to Periodic Drying Events in Leaves of Tree Tobacco

The impact of short rotation coppice on the concentrations of aliphatic soil lipids

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