Epicea : étude des impacts du changement climatique à Paris

Kounkou-Arnaud, Raphaëlle; Desplat, Julien; Lemonsu, Aude; Salagnac, Jean‐Luc

doi:10.4267/2042/53186

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The characteristics simulated in TEB for this type of green roof are described in de Munck et al (2013a). Following previous studies highlighting that vegetation is an effective adaptation measure only if it is watered (Daniel et al, 2016;Kounkou-Arnaud et al, 2013), we chose to water ground vegetation in summer whatever the scenario. In the case of green roofs two scenarios are tested, with or without irrigation in summer.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change

et al. 2018

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Recent climate projections predict an amplification of global warming and more frequent extreme events such as heat waves. Therefore, the adaptation of cities to counterbalance these adverse changes is urgent. Among available adaptation strategies, urban greening is a measure that is frequently encouraged to improve thermal comfort or energy demand, but whose impacts are not well known at the scale of cities. In this study we evaluate the effects of various urban greening scenarios based on urban climate simulations across the Paris area. The modelling relies on the Town Energy Balance model. The scenarios tested consist of an increase in ground-based vegetation or an implementation of green roofs on compatible buildings, or the two combined. Results show that increasing the ground cover has a stronger cooling impact than implementing green roofs on street temperatures, and even more so when the greening rate and the proportion of trees are important. Green roofs are however the most effective way to reduce energy consumption, not only in summer but also on an annual basis. The effects the various greening measures may have over different seasons is finally addressed in order to draw up a comprehensive inventory of the climatic impacts of such strategies.

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Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change

et al. 2018

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“…The mean annual air temperature is 10.8°C. Temperatures within Paris are slightly higher compared to the suburbs and the surrounding rural areas; the temperature difference typically amounts to 1-2 K. Elevated temperatures within the city center are 2 Geofluids caused by the increasing urbanization (e.g., higher building density) of the capital [47,49]. Paris is eponymous for the Paris Basin (French: Bassin parisien).…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Groundwater Temperatures in Paris, France

et al. 2019

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Subsurface temperature data is usually only accessible as point information with a very limited number of observations. To spatialize these isolated insights underground, we usually rely on interpolation methods. Unfortunately, these conventional tools are in many cases not suitable to be applied to areas with high local variability, like densely populated areas, and in addition are very vulnerable to uneven distributions of wells. Since thermal conditions of the surface and shallow subsurface are coupled, we can utilize this relationship to estimate shallow groundwater temperatures from satellite-derived land surface temperatures. Here, we propose an estimation approach that provides spatial groundwater temperature data and can be applied to natural, urban, and mixed environments. To achieve this, we combine land surface temperatures with anthropogenic and natural processes, such as downward heat transfer from buildings, insulation through snow coverage, and latent heat flux in the form of evapotranspiration. This is demonstrated for the city of Paris, where measurements from as early as 1977 reveal the existence of a substantial subsurface urban heat island (SUHI) with a maximum groundwater temperature anomaly of around 7 K. It is demonstrated that groundwater temperatures in Paris can be well predicted with a root mean squared error of below 1 K by means of satellite-derived land surface images. This combined approach is shown to improve existing estimation procedures that are focused either on rural or on urban conditions. While they do not detect local hotspots caused by small-scaled heat sources located underground (e.g., sewage systems and tunnels), the findings for the city of Paris for the estimation of large-scale thermal anomalies in the subsurface are promising. Thus, the new estimation procedure may also be suitable for other cities to obtain a more reliable insight into the spatial distribution of urban ground and groundwater temperatures.

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“…This experiment (Fig. 11) was performed after previous numerical studies evaluating adaptation scenarios on Paris (based on white roof and street watering, Desplat et al, 2009, Kounkou-Arnau et al, 2014, in order to gain both experimental evidence and a first assessment of feasibility. A meteorological station was installed on a sidewalk, and several heat flux measurements were performed within the sidewalk and the road.…”

Section: Observations Databases and Data Sharingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated urban services: Experience from four cities on different continents

et al. 2020

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A B S T R A C TRapid urbanization combined with climate change necessitates new types of urban services that make best use of science and technology. The Integrated Urban Hydro-Meteorological, Climate and Environmental Services and systems are a new initiative from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that seeks to provide science-based integrated urban services supporting safe, healthy and resilient cities. Various cities have already started development and implementation of such Integrated Urban Services and successfully test and use them following specific requirements of local stakeholders. This paper demonstrates the novel concept and approach of Integrated Urban Hydro-Meteorological, Climate and Environmental Services (IUS) from a set of four case study cities: Hong Kong, Toronto, Mexico City and Paris, that use different IUS configurations with good existing practice. These cities represent a range of countries, climates and geophysical settings. The aggregate main joint similarities of the IUS in these cities and synergy of the cities' experience, achievements and research findings are presented, as well as identification of existing gaps in knowledge and further research needs. A list of potential criteria for identifying and classifying IUS demonstration cities is proposed. It will aid future, more detailed analysis of the IUS experience, and selection of additional demonstration cities. Introduction to urban data and services needsUrbanization is an ongoing phenomenon and a growing number of urban settings are particularly vulnerable to weather and climate events, including floods, storms, heat waves, sea-level rise and poor air quality. In addition, urban dwellers are the primary users of energy and resources, and contribute in a significant way to increasing atmospheric greenhouse gasses as well as air pollution. These alterations to the atmosphere from urban to global scales have consequent impacts on human health and the environment. But the urban setting also provides exciting opportunities for scientific advancement in the field of new observations, data assimilation, high resolution coupled modeling and user-specific systems and services for sustainable and climate smart cities.Most (90%) of the disasters affecting urban areas are of a hydro-meteorological nature and these have increased due to climate https://doi.

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Epicea : étude des impacts du changement climatique à Paris

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change

Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change

Estimation of Groundwater Temperatures in Paris, France

Integrated urban services: Experience from four cities on different continents

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