“…Study characteristics—of the studies reporting associations of clinical, sociocultural factors or composites of multiple risk factors among women with GDM 55 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 69 , 78 , 80 , 85 , 86 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 104 , 113 , 137 – 171 , 14 compared differences in adverse perinatal outcomes between different races, ethnicities, or countries of origin 69 , 96 , 147 – 150 , 152 , 154 – 160 , and six included multiple risk factors as a composite variable 78 , 86 , 141 , 144 , 162 , 163 . Four studies investigated psychological factors, and five reported on concomitant presence of pre-eclampsia or hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with GDM.…”