Ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions attenuate Freund Complete Adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats by downregulating PGE2, COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kB and upregulating IL-4 and IL-10

The Role of NF-κB in Physiological Bone Development and Inflammatory Bone Diseases: Is NF-κB Inhibition “Killing Two Birds with One Stone”?

“…It is currently used as one of the therapeutic agents for RA and has been reported to be effective [56]. Thus, targeting NF-κB is effective at maintaining bone mass during inflammation [13][14][15][34][35][36][37][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]85,[91][92][93][94], and there is a possibility for "killing two birds with one stone". However, embryonic lethality has been reported in mice where molecules involved in the NF-κB signaling have been knocked out [26][27][28][29][30][31], and it is necessary to consider the possibility of causing serious side effects simply by inhibiting NF-κB.…”

“…It has been reported that not only these inhibitors but also components contained in plant extracts, such as turmeric supplements, Trachelospermi caulis, Moutan cortex radicis, or Saposhnikovia divaricata, can suppress the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway, which mediates excessive immune responses and inflammation followed by cartilage destruction in arthritis [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. The dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), originating from fish oils, also reduce pain and inflammation in RA by suppressing IL-1 or TNF-α production via NF-κB activation.…”

Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Anacardium occidentale via Inhibition of Collagenase and Lysosomal Enzymes

“…The histopathologist studied the slides in blinded fashion for the detection of bone erosion, inflammation, and pannus formation. A scale (0 to 4) was used for recording results, where 0 represents no pathological change whereas scores 1 to 4 refer to minimal, mild, moderate, and severe changes, respectively [ 17 , 20 ].…”

Clinical Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Activity of 940 Nanometer Low Level laser Therapy on Carrageenan Induced Arthritis in Temporomandibular Joint in Wistar Albino Rats

“…Pilot study revealed massive edema into TMJ area and decrease amount of food intake by rats suffering from arthritis comparing to normal rats and apparently that decrease in food consumption caused these rats look thinner, thus we made an attempt to evaluate these clinical findings caused by inducted TMJ arthritis and the effect of treatment protocol on head circumference changes caused by edema and weight changes caused by decrease food consumption due to loss proper function of inflamed TMJ.According to our knowledge there was no similar articles available that used head circumference and/or weight changes as clinical parameters for evaluating treatment protocol in induced arthritis, although several authors were report relations between similar parameters and pan-arthritis or joint arthritis (other than TMJ) in human studies as well as animal experimental studies including studies on rats, Vierboom et al, reported significant relation between weight changes and several diseases including arthritis in observational study in human 26 , Leech et al, found relation between lower extremities arthritis with weight and growth in human study 27 , Borb‫י‬ly et al, mentioned significant weight loss in mouse after induction of experimental autoimmunity arthritis 28 ,in the same way Hasan et al, reported similar weight loss in induced paw arthritis inSprague-Dawley rats using complete Freund's adjuvant 29 , identical weight loss secondary to induced arthritis were reported by several authors in Westar rats induced arthritis 21,22,30,32 , also there were several articles used body weight as parameter to assess TMJ function as secondary outcome depending on the fact that limited mouth opening would interfere with normal feeding such as the study of Angelo et al, and Richmond who did randomized clinical trial on Black Merino sheep temporomandibular joint andMiyamoto et al, who used body weight of mice as valuable index for evaluation TMJ diseases 33,35 . As mentioned above no specific head circumference measurement as parameter to evaluate TMJ edema was previously reported, but many authors used similar way to assess edema in arthritic joints by measuring diameters or volume changes, it's good to mention some examples of these techniques; Uttra et al, used Vernier caliper to measure paw diameter to evaluate paw induced arthritis in rats 31 , others relied on volume changes in paws to assess i n d u c e d a r t h r i t i s u s i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t plethysmometry 29,36,37 , apparently this method can precisely measure edema progression and regression but unfortunately cannot applied in our study due to possible rat suffocation in water during the procedure hence it was anesthetized, thus our study relied on circumference measurement as parameter to assess edema in area TMJ. Before discussion inflammatory results it's important to mention An unexpected observation noticed during this experiment in the study group treated with 171J/cm 2 which is developing of red lesion of burns in the area of TMJ in 21 of the 30 rats exposed to two or more session of laser radiation(figure 4) noticed in the day after the session, none of these lesions were reported in other groups (P = <0....…”