EPES – Earthquake pedestrians׳ evacuation simulator: A tool for predicting earthquake pedestrians׳ evacuation in urban outdoor scenarios

D’Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; Spalazzi, Luca

doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.08.002

Cited by 60 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Several evacuation models have been developed that attempt to simulate large scale evacuation situations resulting from floods (Durst et al, 2014) and earthquakes (D'Orazio et al, 2014). MATSIM, a transport simulation tool has been used to perform pedestrian evacuation simulation at city scale involving over a million agents (Lämmel, 2008).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The simulation of urban-scale evacuation scenarios with application to the Swinley forest fire

et al. 2018

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Forest fires are an annual occurrence in many parts of the world forcing large-scale evacuation. The frequent and growing occurrence of these events makes it necessary to develop appropriate evacuation plans for areas that are susceptible to forest fires. The buildingEXODUS evacuation model has been extended to model large-scale urban evacuations by including the road network and open spaces (e.g. parks, green spaces and town squares) along with buildings. The evacuation simulation results have been coupled with the results of a forest fire spread model and applied to the Swinley forest fire which occurred in Berkshire, UK in May 2011. Four evacuation procedures differing in the routes taken by the pedestrians were evaluated providing key evacuation statistics such as time to reach the assembly location, the distance travelled, congestion experienced by the agents and the safety margins associated with using each evacuation route. A key finding of this work is the importance of formulating evacuation procedures that identifies the threatened population, provides timely evacuation notice, identifies appropriate routes that maintains a safe distance from the hazard front thereby maximising safety margins even at the cost of taking longer evacuation routes. Evacuation simulation offers a means of achieving these goals.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The simulation of urban-scale evacuation scenarios with application to the Swinley forest fire

et al. 2018

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“…Evacuation is the overarching task for disaster management [3,7], which generally relocates people from a risky area to safe areas due to emergencies, such as fire, a gas leak, a hurricane, or an earthquake (e.g., [8,9]). The area in emergencies can be an office building, a theater, a railway station (e.g., [10,11]), a shopping mall, or an urban region (e.g., [12][13][14]).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Decentralized Indoor Evacuation with Information Depositories in the Field

Zhao

Winter

Tomko

2017

IJGI

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Abstract:The lonelier evacuees find themselves, the riskier become their wayfinding decisions. This research supports single evacuees in a dynamically changing environment with risk-aware guidance. It deploys the concept of decentralized evacuation, where evacuees are guided by smartphones acquiring environmental knowledge and risk information via exploration and knowledge sharing by peer-to-peer communication. Peer-to-peer communication, however, relies on the chance that people come into communication range with each other. This chance can be low. To bridge between people being not at the same time at the same places, this paper suggests information depositories at strategic locations to improve information sharing. Information depositories collect the knowledge acquired by the smartphones of evacuees passing by, maintain this information, and convey it to other passing-by evacuees. Multi-agent simulation implementing these depositories in an indoor environment shows that integrating depositories improves evacuation performance: It enhances the risk awareness and consequently increases the chance that people survive and reduces their evacuation time. For evacuating dynamic events, deploying depositories at staircases has been shown more effective than deploying them in corridors.

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“…The model is implemented through an agent-based simulation (Laskowski et al 2011;D'Orazio et al 2014;Banos et al 2015) that allows characterizing the involved agent's rules in terms of "attraction areas" occupancy during the time and spreading-affecting additional features (i.e. occupants wearing a facial mask, being at a particular moment of the incubation period, being asymptomatic or not) Fang et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A probabilistic model to evaluate the effectiveness of main solutions to COVID-19 spreading in university buildings according to proximity and time-based consolidated criteria

D’Orazio

Bernardini

Quagliarini

2020

Preprint

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Crowds in buildings open to the public can alter the occupants’ safety in different emergency conditions, including those related to a pandemic. In this sense, university buildings are one of the most relevant scenarios in which the COVID-19 event clearly pointed out the stakeholders’ needs toward safety issues, especially because of the possibility of day-to-day presences of the same users (i.e. students, teachers) and overcrowding causing long-lasting contacts with possible “infectors” in such closed environments. While waiting for the vaccine, as for other public buildings, policy-makers’ measures to limit (second) virus outbreaks combine individual’s strategies (facial masks), occupants’ capacity and access control to avoid lockdowns and ensure adequate conditions for occupants. Simulators could support effectiveness evaluations of such measures. To fill this gap, this work proposes a quick and probabilistic simulation model based on consolidated proximity and exposure-time-based rules for virus transmission (confirmed by international health organizations). The building occupancy is defined according to university schedule, identifying the main “attraction areas” in the building (classrooms, break-areas). Scenarios are defined in terms of occupants’ densities, mitigation strategies, virus-related aspects. The model is calibrated on experimental data and applied to a relevant university building. Results demonstrate the model capabilities. In the case study, occupants’ capacity limitation could support the adoption of surgical masks by users instead of FFPk masks (thus improving users’ comfort issues). Preliminary correlations to combine acceptable mask filters-occupants’ density are proposed to support stakeholders in organizing users’ presences in the building during the pandemic.

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EPES – Earthquake pedestrians׳ evacuation simulator: A tool for predicting earthquake pedestrians׳ evacuation in urban outdoor scenarios

Cited by 60 publications

References 63 publications

The simulation of urban-scale evacuation scenarios with application to the Swinley forest fire

The simulation of urban-scale evacuation scenarios with application to the Swinley forest fire

Integrating Decentralized Indoor Evacuation with Information Depositories in the Field

A probabilistic model to evaluate the effectiveness of main solutions to COVID-19 spreading in university buildings according to proximity and time-based consolidated criteria

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