Eotaxins and Their Receptor in Colorectal Cancer—A Literature Review

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, with a global incidence of almost 2 million new cases every year. Despite the availability of many diagnostic tests, including laboratory tests and molecular diagnostics, an increasing number of new cases is observed. Thus, it is very important to search new markers that would show high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the detection of colorectal cancer in early stages of the disease. Eotaxins are proteins that belong to the cytokine group—small molecules with a variety of applications. Their main role is the activation of basophils and eosinophils involved in inflammatory processes. Therefore, we performed an extensive search of the literature pertaining to our investigation via the MEDLINE/PubMed database. On the basis of available literature, we can assume that eotaxins accumulate in cancer cells in the course of CRC. This leads to a decrease in the chemotaxis of eosinophils, which are effector immune cells with anti-tumor activity. This may explain a decrease in their number as a defense mechanism of cancer cells against their destruction and may be useful when attempting anti-tumor therapy with the use of chemokines.

Eotaxins and Their Receptor as Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer

“…Therefore, it can be assumed that similar cytokines may appear and change their concentration as a result of both of these phenomena (allergic reactions and onset of neoplastic changes). The first references to the relationship between eosinophils and neoplastic changes were described over 100 years ago, but so far, their role in the carcinogenesis [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] has not been precisely explained. There are suspicions that the involvement of eotaxins in CRC may be related to the large number of circulating eosinophils that appear and accumulate in neoplastic tissues.…”

“…It is closely related to their influence on cells such as eosinophils and basophils, which are the most important cells in the development and course of those diseases. All eotaxins have the ability to bind to CCR3 (C-C chemokine receptor type 3) [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Effect of the Rehabilitation Program, ReStOre, on Serum Biomarkers in a Randomized Control Trial of Esophagogastric Cancer Survivors

“…Little is known about how exercise impacts IL-27 in isolation, however, as a member of the subfamily of cytokines which signals through glycoprotein-130, it could play a role in the regulation of skeletal muscle remodeling ( 59 , 60 ). Eotaxin-3, also known as CCL26, belongs to the CC cytokine family and it acts as a chemoattractant for eosinophils and basophils in allergic disorders ( 61 ). No studies to date have investigated the role of eotaxin-3 in esophageal cancer, however in colon cancer, eotaxin-3 induced tumor associated macrophages by binding to the CCR3 receptor and enhancing the invasiveness of tumor cells ( 62 ).…”

Systemic profile of immune factors in an elderly Italian population affected by chronic strongyloidiasis

“…At baseline, this chemokine was also significantly more abundant in the serum of asymptomatic patients compared to those presenting with clinical manifestations. Based on CCL11 investigations in other pathological conditions and its role in eosinophil chemotaxis to the infection site [ 49 , 50 ], it could be hypothesised that this chemokine could be involved in eosinophil recruitment to contribute to parasite elimination and tissue remodelling following treatment.…”