Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis in an orangutan (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) caused by<i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</i>

Emerson, Jessica A.; Walden, Heather Stockdale; Peters, Rosanne K.; Farina, Lisa L.; Fredholm, Daniel V.; Qvarnström, Yvonne; Xayavong, Maniphet; Bishop, Henry; Slapcinsky, John; McIntosh, Antoinette; Wellehan, James F.X.

doi:10.1080/01652176.2013.880005

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our findings confirmed the use of Z. provisoria as an intermediate host (Emerson et al, 2013), and this is the first known report of A. striata as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis. Bradybaena similaris are known intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis in other areas of the world (Wallace and Rosen, 1969;Caldeira et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In March 2013, terrestrial snails were collected from the original site of the orangutan infection in Miami reported by Emerson et al (2013). Snails were initially sorted based on phenotypic similarity (i.e., relative size, shape, color), placed in individual vented plastic containers, and held at room temperature for 48 hr for mucus collection.…”

Section: Snail Collection and Morphological Analysis For Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These incidental hosts include human and non-human primates (Alicata, 1962;Beaver and Rosen, 1964;Gardiner et al, 1990;Duffy et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2008;Emerson et al, 2013;Kottwitz et al, 2014), and there have also been reports of infections in dogs (Lunn et al, 2012), horses (Costa et al, 2000), birds (Monks et al, 2005;Burns et al, 2014), and opossums (Kim et al, 2002). In these incidental hosts, parasite development is arrested, and the immature worms are unable to migrate from the central nervous system, where they die.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, the source of the infection was never fully investigated. In 2012 a privately owned orangutan from the Miami area also acquired a fatal infection after ingesting snails identified by the owner as similar to Zachrysia provisoria, and a single Z. provisoria from the site was found to be infected with A. cantonensis by real-time PCR (Emerson et al, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Angiostrongylus cantonensisin Introduced Gastropods in Southern Florida

Stockdale-Walden¹,

Slapcinsky²,

Qvarnström³

et al. 2015

Journal of Parasitology

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Angiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm, is a zoonotic, parasitic nematode that uses the rat as a definitive host and gastropods as intermediate hosts. It is prevalent in parts of Asia, the Pacific islands, and the Caribbean. In the United States, A. cantonensis is established in Hawaii and in recent years has been reported in Alabama, California, Louisiana, and Florida, where it has been found in the reintroduced Lissachatina fulica (also known as Achatina fulica), the giant African snail that was once eradicated from the state. Since 2004, A. cantonensis has been identified as the causative agent for 2 non-human primate deaths in Florida, one attributed to ingestion of the snail Zachrysia provisoria. Our study further supports the presence of A. cantonensis in Z. provisoria in Florida and identifies 2 additional introduced terrestrial snails, Bradybaena similaris and Alcadia striata, that serve as intermediate hosts for A. cantonensis , as well as evidence of rat infection, in southern Florida. The finding of both definitive and intermediate hosts suggests that A. cantonensis may be established in south Florida.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Snail Collection and Morphological Analysis For Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Angiostrongylus cantonensisin Introduced Gastropods in Southern Florida

Stockdale-Walden¹,

Slapcinsky²,

Qvarnström³

et al. 2015

Journal of Parasitology

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“…In the continental United States, studies have found snails infected with A . cantonensis in Louisiana and southern Florida [20, 30–32] and infected rats also reported in Louisiana [11, 16]. In Florida, infection with A .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rats (Rattus rattus) and terrestrial snails in Florida, USA

Walden¹,

Slapcinsky²,

Roff³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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The parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a major cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans, and has been documented in other incidental hosts such as birds, horses, dogs and non-human primates. It is endemic in Hawaii, and there have been sporadic reports in the southern continental United States. This parasite uses rats as definitive hosts and snails as intermediate hosts. In this study, we collected potential definitive and intermediate hosts throughout Florida to ascertain the geographic distribution in the state: Rats, environmental rat fecal samples, and snails were collected from 18 counties throughout the state. Classical diagnostics and morphological identification, along with molecular techniques were used to identify nematode species and confirm the presence of A. cantonensis.Of the 171 Rattus rattus collected, 39 (22.8%) were positive for A. cantonensis, and 6 of the 37 (16.2%) environmental rat fecal samples collected in three of the surveyed counties were also positive for this parasite by real time PCR. We examined 1,437 gastropods, which represented 32 species; 27 (1.9%) were positive for A. cantonensis from multiple sites across Florida. Three non-native gastropod species, Bradybaena similaris, Zachrysia provisoria, and Paropeas achatinaceum, and three native gastropod species, Succinea floridana, Ventridens demissus, and Zonitoides arboreus, which are newly recorded intermediate hosts for the parasite, were positive for A. cantonensis. This study indicates that A. cantonensis is established in Florida through the finding of adult and larval stages in definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively, throughout the state. The ability for this historically subtropical nematode to thrive in a more temperate climate is alarming, however as the climate changes and average temperatures rise, gastropod distributions will probably expand, leading to the spread of this parasite in more temperate areas. Through greater awareness of host species and prevalence of A. cantonensis in the United States, potential accidental infections may be avoided.

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Frequency of Occurrence of the Rat Lungworm Parasite in the Invasive Island Apple Snail in South Carolina, USA

et al. 2019

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The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that can cause potentially fatal eosinophilic meningitis in humans. The life cycle of A. cantonensis involves multiple hosts, with the most common terminal hosts being rodents and intermediate hosts comprising gastropods. One such gastropod is the invasive island apple snail Pomacea maculata, which is native to South America but is currently established in several states in the USA, including South Carolina. It has been identified as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis in several locations in Louisiana. The ability of the island apple snail to serve as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis poses significant potential threats to human health, yet no studies to date have determined the prevalence of this parasite in island apple snails in South Carolina. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of A. cantonensis in South Carolina island apple snails by using a real‐time PCR assay. One‐hundred individuals from each of three distinct stormwater retention ponds were tested, and no positive detections were found. Determining the prevalence of A. cantonensis in island apple snails is critical in accurately informing the public as to the risks involved in handling and/or consuming island apple snails.

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Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) caused byAngiostrongylus cantonensis

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

Angiostrongylus cantonensisin Introduced Gastropods in Southern Florida

Angiostrongylus cantonensisin Introduced Gastropods in Southern Florida

Geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rats (Rattus rattus) and terrestrial snails in Florida, USA

Frequency of Occurrence of the Rat Lungworm Parasite in the Invasive Island Apple Snail in South Carolina, USA

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