Enzyodynamic therapy at nanoscale

Abstract

Artificial enzymes featuring the desirable catalytic activity built on nanomaterials are known as nanozymes. Compared with the natural counterparts, nanozymes have demonstrated distinct characteristics including cost‐effectiveness, ease of preparation, high stability, and excellent recycling efficiency. With the rapid innovation of nanoscience and technology, a growing number of nanozymes have been deeply applied in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition, a multimodal platform for effectively interacting with complicated biologic settings has also been achieved by the inherent nanomaterial and dynamic features of nanozymes, which goes beyond simply serving as an enzyme substitute. In this review, we systematically discuss and highlight the classification and catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, regulation of nanozyme activity as well as the research progresses of nanozyme‐enabled/augmented enzyodynamic therapy in treating cancer based on producing and eliminating reactive oxygen species, bacterial infection, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and radiation‐induced tissue damage. Furthermore, the current challenges and future development direction of nanozymes in enzyodynamic disease therapy have been outlined and outlooked. It is highly anticipated that this review will be of guiding significance for better understanding the physiochemical properties and biological effect of nanozymes and the corresponding emerging enzyodynamic disease therapeutics.

Engineering Ternary PdMop Nanoenzyme for Enzyodynamic Effect‐Enhanced Ferroptosis and Sonocatalysis‐Enabled Tumor Immunotherapy

“…Given that the enzymatic activity is closely associated with anticancer outcome, we examined whether PdMoP nanocrystals feature enzyme‐mimicking activities ( Figure d). [ 16 ] Symbolic characteristics of tumor tissue and overexpression of the typical cellular antioxidant defense system of GSH have been shown to capture ROS and dilute the anti‐tumor impression. [ 15a ] Therefore, the GPx‐mimicking activity of PdMoP was examined using a reduced GSH detection kit.…”

“…In addition, the nanoenzymes released Pd 2+ and Mo 6+ in response to TME and generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) through the Fenton reaction and enzyodynamic therapy, respectively, which could also be enhanced by the external US activation. [ 15a,16 ] The ternary nanoenzymes not only triggered initial immunogenic tumor‐cell ferroptosis through their inherent multienzyme‐mimicking activities but also suppressed the expression of cystine/glutamate transporter protein (xCT) and ferritin heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1), resulting in a decrease in the content of GPX4 and leading to cascade‐mediated immunogenic tumor‐cell ferroptosis. Furthermore, PdMoP nanoenzymes catalyzed the production of oxygen (O 2 ) from excess H 2 O 2 in TME, thereby contributing to a decrease in the degree of tumor hypoxia.…”

Strategies for Enhancing Plant Immunity and Resilience Using Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agriculture

“…However, nanoscale Fe and Zn particles exhibited enhanced bioavailability and plant uptake compared to ionic Fe and Zn, leading to differences in gene expression, suggesting that both particles and ions play crucial roles in the immunomodulation . Some nanoparticles like Fe-based nanoparticles have nanoenzymatic activity to maintain cellular homeostasis by directly scavenging ROS generated by oxidative stress, which is specific to nanoparticles only . In addition, nanoscale particles may produce longer-lasting and faster hormone responses than ionic .…”

“… 76 Some nanoparticles like Fe-based nanoparticles have nanoenzymatic activity to maintain cellular homeostasis by directly scavenging ROS generated by oxidative stress, which is specific to nanoparticles only. 77 In addition, nanoscale particles may produce longer-lasting and faster hormone responses than ionic. 78 Due to their smaller size and enhanced stability, nanoparticles may retain their regulatory effects on plant hormone signaling pathways for a longer period of time.…”