Enzymes in Bovine Milk: A Review

Shahani, K. M.; Harper, W. J.; Jensen, Robert G.; Parry, R.M.; Zittle, Charles A.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85216-6

Cited by 86 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Vorbach et al (2006) suggest that lactation has evolved in incremental steps from providing protection to also offering nutrients. They highlight that the importance of milk for the offspring both for defence and nutrition is exemplified particularly by the unique evolution of two anti-microbial enzymes, xanthine oxidoreductase and lysozyme, both expressed in and secreted from the lactating mammary epithelium (Shahani et al 1973). These two components are directly involved in the evolution of the nutritional capacity of milk as well as being antimicrobial.…”

Section: Effects Against Inflammatory Diseases In the Infant-child-adultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

2007

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The newborn receives, via the placenta, maternal IgG antibodies against the microbes present in its surroundings, but such antibodies have a pro-inflammatory action, initiating the complement system and phagocytes. Although the host defence mechanisms of the neonate that involve inflammatory reactivity are somewhat inefficient, this defence system can still have catabolic effects. Breast-feeding compensates for this relative inefficiency of host defence in the neonate by providing considerable amounts of secretory IgA antibodies directed particularly against the microbial flora of the mother and her environment. These antibodies bind the microbes that are appearing on the infant's mucosal membranes, preventing activation of the pro-inflammatory defence. The major milk protein lactoferrin can destroy microbes and reduce inflammatory responses. The non-absorbed milk oligosaccharides block attachment of microbes to the infant's mucosae, preventing infections. The milk may contain anti-secretory factor, which is anti-inflammatory, preventing mastitis in mothers and diarrhoea in infants. Numerous additional factors in the milk are of unknown function, although IL-7 is linked to the larger size of the thymus and the enhanced development of intestinal Tgd lymphocytes in breast-fed compared with non-breast-fed infants. Several additional components in the milk may help to explain why breast-feeding can reduce infant mortality, protecting against neonatal septicaemia and meningitis. It is therefore important to start breast-feeding immediately. Protection is also apparent against diarrhoea, respiratory infections and otitis media. There may be protection against urinary tract infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, and possibly also against allergy and certain other immunological diseases, and tumours. In conclusion, breast-feeding provides a very broad multifactorial anti-inflammatory defence for the infant.

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Section: Effects Against Inflammatory Diseases In the Infant-child-adultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

2007

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“…blood plasma, secretory cell cytoplasm, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and somatic cells Fox and Kelly 2006a, b). In general, the enzyme content of colostrum is higher than in milk (Shahani et al 1973). …”

Section: Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review

McGrath

Fox

McSweeney

et al. 2015

Dairy Sci. & Technol.

299

263

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Colostrum is the initial milk secreted by mammals following parturition, the composition and physicochemical properties of which are highly dynamic and variable. The composition and physicochemical properties of colostrum during the initial postpartum period has not been systematically reviewed for many years, although the topic remains of interest both to milk producers and processors. In this article, the current understanding of the composition of colostrum, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, growth factors, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, nucleotides and nucleosides, cytokines, fats, vitamins and minerals, is reviewed. In addition, the physicochemical properties, i.e. pH and buffering capacity, colour, density and specific gravity, osmotic pressure, somatic cell count, properties of casein micelles, ethanol stability and rennet coagulation properties are discussed, as well as the effects of heat-treating colostrum.

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“…It is said that they are more hydrophobic and less sensitive to proteolysis and denaturation, which has to do with their physiological role in the gastrointestinal system of a newborn (18). Generally, the enzyme content of human or ruminant colostrum is higher than that in corresponding mature milk (19,20) or ruminant milk (21). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants and Antioxidant Capacity of Human Milk / Antioksidansi i antioksidativni kapacitet humanog mleka

Živković¹,

Sunarić²,

Trutić³

et al. 2015

Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis

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Milk contains plenty of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components that probably account for the vital antioxidant protection of the infants at early stages of life against the development of complications induced by oxygen free radicals. Indigenous milk enzymes play a key role in regulating lactogenesis, including active involution of mammary gland. Moreover, they are essential constituents of antioxidation and the innate immune system of milk. Among antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase have been demonstrated in human milk. Mainly, the enzyme content of colostrum is higher than that in corresponding mature milk. Beside lipophilic antioxidant in human milk, tocopherols, carotenoids and vitamin A are of great interest. Those components demonstrate the highest levels in colostrum and decline during early lactation, despite the fact that total lipids increase. The complete list of active antioxidant components in human milk is not yet known.This review reports the main findings of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as antioxidant capacity of human milk. Synergism of action of several antioxidants helps to eliminate free radicals in newborns. Bearing in mind that milk contains a number of antioxidants, many reactions are possible and it is difficult to define the exact contribution and function of each antioxidant. Besides qualitative and quantitative analysis of human milk antioxidants, the measurement of total antioxidant capacity could be a useful tool for examination of this dynamic, complex fluid. R e v i e w a r t i c l e I NT ROD U CT I ONReactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. They are either radicals that contain at least one unpaired electron or reactive non-radical compounds derived from radicals, capable of oxidizing biomolecules and able to damage all biological macromolecules (1, 2). These ROS are normally produced in living organisms at low but measurable concentrations, and may be beneficial or even crucial in processes such as intracellular signalling and defence against microorganisms. Also, ROS are involved in the cell growth, differentiation, progression, and death (3).Cells which use oxygen and consequently ROS have to evolve complex antioxidant defence systems to neutralize ROS and protect themselves against free radical damaging (4). When the production of ROS exceeds the capacity of the body's antioxidant defence to detoxify them, a condition known as oxidative stress occurs. High concentrations of ROS can damage all major cellular constituents such as lipids (peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes), proteins (denaturation), carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which leads to functional impairment (5, 6).At birth, the newborn is exposed to a relatively hyperoxic extrauterine environment caused by an increased oxygen bioavailability with greatly enhanced generation of ROS. As a result, human infant is under oxidative stress due to the difficulty of adapting...

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Enzymes in Bovine Milk: A Review

Cited by 86 publications

References 76 publications

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review

Antioxidants and Antioxidant Capacity of Human Milk / Antioksidansi i antioksidativni kapacitet humanog mleka

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