Enzyme Promiscuity in Serotonin Biosynthesis, From Bacteria to Plants and Humans

Gonçalves, Sara; Nunes-Costa, Daniela; Cardoso, Sandra Morais; Empadinhas, Nuno; Marugg, John David

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…As opposed to eukaryotes, little is known about the serotonin synthesis pathway in bacteria. Several bacteria have been identified to encode for eukaryote-like aromatic amino acid hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, although the serotonin production pathway has not yet been investigated in most of these bacteria ( Gonçalves et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Microbiota-produced Neurotransmitters and Related Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromicrobiology, an emerging neurometabolic facet of the gut microbiome?

et al. 2023

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The concept of the gut microbiome is emerging as a metabolic interactome influenced by diet, xenobiotics, genetics, and other environmental factors that affect the host’s absorption of nutrients, metabolism, and immune system. Beyond nutrient digestion and production, the gut microbiome also functions as personalized polypharmacy, where bioactive metabolites that our microbes excrete or conjugate may reach systemic circulation and impact all organs, including the brain. Appreciable evidence shows that gut microbiota produce diverse neuroactive metabolites, particularly neurotransmitters (and their precursors), stimulating the local nervous system (i.e., enteric and vagus nerves) and affecting brain function and cognition. Several studies have demonstrated correlations between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system sparking an exciting new research field, neuromicrobiology. Microbiome-targeted interventions are seen as promising adjunctive treatments (pre-, pro-, post-, and synbiotics), but the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome interactions have yet to be established, thus preventing informed evidence-based therapeutic applications. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge for each of the major classes of microbial neuroactive metabolites, emphasizing their biological effects on the microbiome, gut environment, and brain. Also, we discuss the biosynthesis, absorption, and transport of gut microbiota-derived neuroactive metabolites to the brain and their implication in mental disorders.

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Section: Microbiota-produced Neurotransmitters and Related Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromicrobiology, an emerging neurometabolic facet of the gut microbiome?

et al. 2023

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“…Since the vagal afferents are not in contact with the gut lumen, they are activated by gut hormones or other metabolites including SCFAs. SCFAs modulate the biosynthesis of serotonin which in turn activates vagus nerve to influence brain function. , The serotonin-mediated pathway also partially contributes to the humoral pathway of the GBA communication. In addition, SCFAs are able to cross the BBB and alter the levels of various neurotransmitters like glutamine, glutamate, and GABA as illustrated in Figure .…”

Section: Routes Of Gut–brain Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Viral Infections

Majumdar

Venkatesh

Basu

2023

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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The gut–brain axis (GBA) is the umbrella term to include all bidirectional communication between the brain and gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the mammalian body. Evidence from over two centuries describes a significant role of GI microbiome in health and disease states of the host organism. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate that are the physiological forms of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid respectively, are GI bacteria derived metabolites. SCFAs have been reported to influence cellular function in multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In addition, the inflammation modulating properties of SCFAs make them suitable therapeutic candidates in neuroinflammatory conditions. This review provides a historical background of the GBA and current knowledge of the GI microbiome and role of individual SCFAs in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Recently, a few reports have also identified the effects of GI metabolites in the case of viral infections. Among these viruses, the flaviviridae family is associated with neuroinflammation and deterioration of CNS functions. In this context, we additionally introduce SCFA based mechanisms in different viral pathogenesis to understand the former’s potential as agents against flaviviral disease.

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“…In animals, tryptophan is hydroxylated to 5-HTP through tryptophan 5-hydroxylase, and then tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) converts 5-HTP to 5-HT, namely serotonin ( Gaddum and Giarman, 1956 ; Cao et al, 2020 ). In plants, tryptophan is first converted to tryptamine by TDC, and then serotonin is produced by T5H ( Goncalves et al, 2022 ; Figure 3 ).…”

Section: -Htp Serotonin Melatonin Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding the application of tryptophan: Industrial biomanufacturing of tryptophan derivatives

Xiao

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Tryptophan derivatives are various aromatic compounds produced in the tryptophan metabolic pathway, such as 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melatonin, 7-chloro-tryptophan, 7-bromo-tryptophan, indigo, indirubin, indole-3-acetic acid, violamycin, and dexoyviolacein. They have high added value, widely used in chemical, food, polymer and pharmaceutical industry and play an important role in treating diseases and improving life. At present, most tryptophan derivatives are synthesized by biosynthesis. The biosynthesis method is to combine metabolic engineering with synthetic biology and system biology, and use the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and other related microorganisms to reconstruct the artificial biosynthesis pathway, and then produce various tryptophan derivatives. In this paper, the characteristics, applications and specific biosynthetic pathways and methods of these derivatives were reviewed, and some strategies to increase the yield of derivatives and reduce the production cost on the basis of biosynthesis were introduced in order to make some contributions to the development of tryptophan derivatives biosynthesis industry.

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Enzyme Promiscuity in Serotonin Biosynthesis, From Bacteria to Plants and Humans

Cited by 23 publications

References 69 publications

Neuromicrobiology, an emerging neurometabolic facet of the gut microbiome?

Neuromicrobiology, an emerging neurometabolic facet of the gut microbiome?

Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Viral Infections

Expanding the application of tryptophan: Industrial biomanufacturing of tryptophan derivatives

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