Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in dogs and Toxocara cati in cats

Elsemore, David A.; Geng, Jinming; Côté, Jean-Charles; Hanna, Rita; Lucio‐Forster, Araceli; Bowman, Dwight D.

doi:10.1177/1040638717706098

Cited by 55 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…(78.4%) more nematode infections than CF alone, likely due to the CAI detecting non-patent infections [16,17]. These findings reinforce the previously demonstrated complementary value of combining CAI with CF to enhance intestinal nematode detection [27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasitism at Recreational Canine Sites in the United States (the DOGPARCS study)

Stafford

Kollasch

Duncan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting dog parks.Methods: Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the United States. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (FecalDx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog’s signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM). Results: Samples were examined from 3,006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworm, whipworm, and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9, and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication.Conclusion: Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the United States. Optimal detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the United States, and dog health can be enhanced by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasitism at Recreational Canine Sites in the United States (the DOGPARCS study)

Stafford

Kollasch

Duncan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Surprisingly, passive otation remains the most commonly used technique in clinical practice despite multiple studies demonstrating that it fails to detect many infections when compared to CF [12][13][14][15]. Combining CAI for nematode antigens with CF in the present study resulted in detection of nearly 80% (78.4%) more nematode infections than CF alone, likely due to the CAI detecting non-patent infections [16,17]. Detection of parasite ova by CF in instances when CAI was negative could be due to coprophagia or predation, resulting in a positive CF in the absence of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…All samples were processed at a single laboratory (IDEXX, 401 Industry Rd, Louisville, KY 40208, USA) employing validated CAIs for hookworm, whipworm and ascarids (Fecal Dx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, USA) and Giardia [15][16][17]. A zinc sulfate CF (speci c gravity 1.24) was also used to detect a variety of parasites, including but not limited to nematodes and protozoans [20].…”

Section: Fecal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these limitations, coproantigen immunoassays (CAI) have been developed to detect proteins found in Giardia cysts or produced by immature and adult nematodes in the intestinal lumen [11][12][13][14][15]. When used with CF, CAI enhances the detection of canine intestinal parasite infections [14][15][16][17][18]. With the interstate relocation of dogs that could be infected with intestinal parasites and the availability of improved testing methodologies, there is opportunity for an up-to-date assessment of intestinal parasitism in dogs in the USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Stafford

Kollasch

Duncan

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting off-leash dog parks.Methods: Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the USA. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (Fecal Dx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog’s signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM).Results: Samples were examined from 3006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworms, whipworms and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9 and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm infections were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years-old. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication.Conclusions: Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the USA. Enhanced detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the USA and dog health can be improved by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.

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“…Study 1 provided evidence that for sufficient efficacy (> 90%) against immature adult T. canis, pyrantel is essential in the combination, as the efficacy of moxidectin and sarolaner alone was only 74.7%. Effective treatment of immature stages is becoming more important, as an ELISA for coproantigen detection has recently been developed [18,19]. This test has the potential to diagnose T. canis infection in the pre-patent period when standard fecal microscopic examinations are unable to detect the infection due to the absence of egg shedding.…”

Section: Immature Adult (L 5 ) T Canismentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced ascarid infections in dogs

et al. 2020

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Background: Ascarid infections are among the most prevalent intestinal parasitic infections occurring in dogs around the world, with Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina commonly observed. Toxocara canis can cause considerable disease in dogs and humans, and year-round prophylactic treatment and control in dogs is recommended. Elimination of immature stages of these parasites before egg-laying will reduce environmental contamination and the risk of infection for both dogs and humans. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio ™) against induced immature adult (L 5) and adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina infections in dogs. Methods: Six negative-controlled, masked, randomized laboratory studies were conducted. Two studies each evaluated efficacy against immature adult (L 5) T. canis, adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina. Sixteen to 40 dogs were included in each study. Dogs experimentally infected with the target parasite were dosed once on Day 0 with either placebo tablets or Simparica Trio ™ tablets to provide minimum dosages of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5.0 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). Efficacy was based on the number of worms recovered at necropsy 7-10 days after treatment compared to placebo control. Results: Based on geometric mean worm counts, efficacy of the sarolaner + moxidectin + pyrantel combination was ≥ 95.2% against immature adult T. canis, ≥ 97.3% against adult T. canis, and ≥ 89.7% against adult T. leonina. There were no treatment-related adverse events in any study. Conclusions: These studies confirm the efficacy of a single dose of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio ™) against immature adult and adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina infections in dogs.

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in dogs and Toxocara cati in cats

Cited by 55 publications

References 19 publications

Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasitism at Recreational Canine Sites in the United States (the DOGPARCS study)

Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasitism at Recreational Canine Sites in the United States (the DOGPARCS study)

Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Efficacy of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced ascarid infections in dogs

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