Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of triazine herbicides in water

Abstract

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) procedure for the analysis of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in surface water and groundwater. Apparent recoveries from natural water and spiked water by both methods were comparable at 0.2-2 micrograms/L. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined also, and recoveries were determined for a suite of triazine herbicides. A significant correlation was obtained between the ELISA and GC/MS method for natural water samples that were extracted by SPE. Because ELISA was developed with an atrazine-like compound as the hapten with conjugation at the 2-position, it was selective for triazines that contained both ethyl and isopropyl side chains. Concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were as follows: atrazine, 0.4 microgram/L; ametryne, 0.45 microgram/L; prometryn and propazine, 0.5 microgram/L; prometon, 0.7 microgram/L; simazine and terbutryn, 2.5 micrograms/L; hydroxyatrazine, 28 micrograms/L; deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, 30 micrograms/L; cyanazine, 40 micrograms/L; didealkylatrazine had no response. The combination of screening analysis by ELISA, which requires no sample preparation and works on 160 microL of sample, and confirmation by GC/MS was designed for rapid, inexpensive analysis of triazine herbicides in water.

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in environmental waters

“…Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with nitrogenphosphorus detector (Popl et al, 1983;Steinheimer and Brooks, 1984;Thurman et al, 1990) or mass spectrometer (MS) (Lopez-Avila et al, 1985;Thurman et al, 1990;Durand and Barcelo, 1991;Ahel et al, 1992;Cai et al, 1993;Cassada et al, 1994;Xiong et al, 1998), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Corcia et al, 1987;Battista et al, 1989;Steinheimer and Ondrus, 1990;Corcia and Marchetti, 1991) and enzyme-linked Chemosphere 52 (2003Chemosphere 52 ( ) 1627Chemosphere 52 ( -1632 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere immunosorbent assay (Thurman et al, 1990;Xiong et al, 1998) have been developed for ATR determination in water. The most common sample preparation for trace analysis of ATR in water involves solid-phase-extraction (SPE).…”

“…The most common sample preparation for trace analysis of ATR in water involves solid-phase-extraction (SPE). The extraction efficiency of SPE is found to be higher than the traditional liquid-liquid extraction (Lee and Stokker, 1986;Thurman et al, 1990;Cassada et al, 1994;Cai et al, 1995). C 18 bonded silica cartridges and graphitized carbon black cartridges have been reported to be effective to isolate ATR and its degradation products from aqueous matrices (Cai et al, 1993;Cassada et al, 1994).…”

Multivariate Correlation between Concentrations of Selected Herbicides and Derivatives in Outflows from Selected U.S. Midwestern Reservoirs

“…The analysis included nine herbicides (alachlor, ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, metribuzin, prometon, propazine, and simazine) as well as two atrazine derivatives (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) and three cyanazine derivatives (cyanazine amide, deethylcyanazine, and deethylcyanazine amide). The meth- ods of Thurman et al (16) were used for herbicide GC/MS analysis. In addition, the ethanesulfonic acid derivative of alachlor (alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, ESA) was isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (17).…”

Herbicide Interchange between a Stream and the Adjacent Alluvial Aquifer

“…Water samples were stored in l-L baked-glass bottles with Teflon-lined caps at 4 O C . Herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine) and herbicide metabolites (desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine) were processed through solid-phase extraction cartridges and determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry according to the method described by Thurman et al (9). Other herbicides such as ametryn, metribuzin, prometon, prometryn, simazine, and terbutryn were also determined.…”