Enzyme immobilization as a strategy towards efficient and sustainable lignocellulosic biomass conversion into chemicals and biofuels: current status and perspectives

Abstract

Environmental issues led to the urgent necessity of research to focus on a fossil fuel detachment in the near future. Under the biorefinery concept, enzymatic hydrolysis is a key bioprocess...

The Expansion of Lignocellulose Biomass Conversion Into Bioenergy via Nanobiotechnology

“…The application of nanotechnology presents a promising alternative to existing pretreatment methods. (Zanuso et al, 2021).…”

“…The term "nanobiocatalyst" refers to enzymes immobilized on NPs, and it is evidence of nanobiotechnology's constantly developing and pioneering discoveries (Misson et al, 2015). Enzyme immobilization provides benefits in regards to simple enzyme reutilization, proving itself as a key tool for the development of secondgeneration biorefineries (Zanuso et al, 2021). Because of the spacer, enzyme immobilization on nanomaterials by crosslinking causes it to be more specific for substrates and more versatile (Ingle et al, 2017).…”

“…The weakening of the interactions and the possibility of enzyme leakage when medium conditions such as pH, temperature, or polarity are altered are the major disadvantages of this approach (Nguyen and Kim, 2017). Because covalent bonding enhances enzyme stabilization and the generated bonds are strong enough to resist enzyme outflow, it is commonly utilized for enzyme immobilization (Zanuso et al, 2021). Owing to the presence of inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates, the encapsulation technique provides an advantage by its ability to generate a microenvironment that protects the enzymes from hostile environments.…”

An Insight into Enzymatic Immobilization Techniques on the Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass

“…Given its recalcitrance to degradation, lignin present on LCB acts as a physical barrier against chemical digestion or enzymatic degradation of LCB. Pretreatment of LCB must therefore precede its enzymatic saccharification so that the lignin structure is broken down for access of enzymes to LCB . Besides lignin removal, pretreated LCB exhibits reduced cellulose crystallinity and particle size, thereby improving both porosity and accessible surface areas of the substrates, enhancing subsequent saccharification performance .…”

“…Against this background, enzymatic saccharification of LCB, which converts polysaccharides into fermentable sugars through enzymes, has gained interest among researchers. This is in view of its relatively mild operating conditions and lesser need for hazardous solvents, thus making the process less energy-intensive, less toxic, and more environmental friendly. , Cellulase contains three major components, i.e., exo-1,4-β- d -glucanases, endo-1,4-β- d -glucanases, and 1,4-β-glucosidase, which hydrolyze cellulose completely into its monomeric units (glucose) . With advances in bioprocesses for commercial enzyme production developed by Novozymes (Bagsværd, Denmark) and Genecor (Rochester, USA), the costs of cellulase have decreased; the resultant reduced production costs of biorefinery have in turn led to the commercialization of bioethanol production. , Understanding enzyme–substrate interactions and the mechanism for the enzymatic degradation of lignocellulose is crucial to developing an efficient process for the enzyme-aided LCB conversion .…”