Abstract:Replacing animal proteins with plant protein sources in the food industry is desirable from an economic and environmental perspective. Enzymatic hydrolysis serves as a tool to improve the foaming properties of water-insoluble wheat gluten proteins. We conclude that wheat gluten hydrolysates can be a valid functional alternative for egg white proteins in meringues, and possibly other food systems.
The market trend towards plant‐based protein has seen a significant increase in the last decade. This trend has been projected to continue in the coming years because of the strong factors of sustainability and less environmental impact associated with the production of plant‐based protein compared to animal, aside from other beneficial health claims and changes in consumers' dietary lifestyles. In order to meet market demand, there is a need to have plant‐based protein ingredients that rival or have improved quality and functionality compared to the traditional animal protein ingredients they may replace. In this review article, we present a detailed and concise summary of the functionality challenges of some plant protein ingredients with associated physical, chemical, and biological processing techniques (traditional and emerging technologies) that have been attempted to enhance them. We cataloged the differences between several studies that seek to address the functionality challenges of selected plant‐based protein ingredients without overtly commenting on a general technique that addresses the functionality of all plant‐based protein ingredients. Additionally, we elucidated the chemistry behind some of these processing techniques and how they modify the protein structure for improved functionality. Although, many food industries are shifting away from chemical modification of proteins because of the demand for clean label product and the challenge of toxicity associated with scale‐up of this technique, so physical and biological techniques are widely being adopted to produce a functional ingredient such as texturized vegetable proteins, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, clean label protein concentrates, de‐flavored protein isolates, protein flour, and grits.
The market trend towards plant‐based protein has seen a significant increase in the last decade. This trend has been projected to continue in the coming years because of the strong factors of sustainability and less environmental impact associated with the production of plant‐based protein compared to animal, aside from other beneficial health claims and changes in consumers' dietary lifestyles. In order to meet market demand, there is a need to have plant‐based protein ingredients that rival or have improved quality and functionality compared to the traditional animal protein ingredients they may replace. In this review article, we present a detailed and concise summary of the functionality challenges of some plant protein ingredients with associated physical, chemical, and biological processing techniques (traditional and emerging technologies) that have been attempted to enhance them. We cataloged the differences between several studies that seek to address the functionality challenges of selected plant‐based protein ingredients without overtly commenting on a general technique that addresses the functionality of all plant‐based protein ingredients. Additionally, we elucidated the chemistry behind some of these processing techniques and how they modify the protein structure for improved functionality. Although, many food industries are shifting away from chemical modification of proteins because of the demand for clean label product and the challenge of toxicity associated with scale‐up of this technique, so physical and biological techniques are widely being adopted to produce a functional ingredient such as texturized vegetable proteins, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, clean label protein concentrates, de‐flavored protein isolates, protein flour, and grits.
“…An example of this is the successful (partial) replacement of egg white by WG hydrolysates in meringue recipes. 5 Amyloid fibrils (AFs) are protein structures which hold much promise for improving the techno-functional properties of food proteins. 6 This structure is also exploited by different organisms in Nature (e.g., Curli protein from Escherichia coli and protein Pmel17 involved in mammalian melanin synthesis) and has potential to be used as building blocks for bio-based materials.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In that way, it can contribute to the increased use of plant proteins in food systems. An example of this is the successful (partial) replacement of egg white by WG hydrolysates in meringue recipes …”
Amyloid fibrils (AFs)
are highly ordered nanofibers composed of
proteins rich in β-sheet structures. In this study, the impact
of heating conditions relevant in food processing on AF formation
of wheat gluten (WG) was investigated. Unheated and heated WG samples
were treated with proteinase K and trypsin to solubilize the nonfibrillated
protein, while protein fibrils were extracted with 0.05 M sodium phosphate
buffer (pH 7.0) from the undissolved fraction obtained by the same
enzymatic treatment. Conditions (i.e., heating at
78° for 22 h) resembling those in slow cooking induced the formation
of straight fibrils (ca. 700 nm in length), whereas
boiling WG for at least 15 min resulted in longer straight fibrils
(ca. 1–2 μm in length). The latter showed
the typical green birefringence of AFs when stained with Congo red.
Their X-ray fiber diffraction patterns showed the typical reflection
(4.7 Å) for inter-β-strand spacing. These results combined
with those of Fourier transform infrared and thioflavin T spectroscopy
measurements validated the identification of β-rich amyloid-like
fibrils (ALFs) in dispersions of boiled WG. Boiling for at least 15
min converted approximately 0.1–0.5% of WG proteins into ALFs,
suggesting that they can be present in heat-treated WG-containing
food products and that food-relevant heating conditions have the potential
to induce protein fibrillation.
“…9 In addition, hydrolysis of gluten enhances its solubility in aqueous media, which creates opportunities for a whole array of additional applications. 16 One route to the creation of novel applications is the formation of fibrils from gluten hydrolysates. Such hydrolysates have been prepared by incubating gluten with trypsin for two weeks at 37 °C and pH 8.0 under continuous gentle stirring.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aqueous dispersions of wheat gluten can form ALFs by exposing them to conditions similar to those in slow cooking . In addition, hydrolysis of gluten enhances its solubility in aqueous media, which creates opportunities for a whole array of additional applications . One route to the creation of novel applications is the formation of fibrils from gluten hydrolysates.…”
Formation of amyloid fibrils (i.e. protein structures containing a compact core of ordered β-sheet structures) from food proteins can improve their techno-functional properties. Wheat gluten is the most consumed cereal protein by humans and extensively present in food and feed systems. Hydrolysis of wheat gluten increases the solubility of its proteins and brings new opportunities for value creation. In this study, the formation of amyloid-like fibrils (ALFs) from wheat gluten peptides (WGPs) under food relevant processing conditions was investigated. Different hydrothermal treatments were tested to maximize the formation of straight ALFs from WGPs. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the extent of fibrillation and the morphology of the fibrils, respectively. First, the formation of fibrils by heating solutions of tryptic WGPs [degrees of hydrolysis 2.0% (DH 2) or 6.0% (DH 6)] was optimized using a response surface design. WGP solutions were incubated at different pH, times and temperatures. DH 6 WGPs had a higher propensity for fibrillation than did DH 2 WGPs. Heating DH 6 WGPs at 2.0% (w/v) for 38 hours at 85 °C and pH 7.0 resulted in optimal fibrillation. Secondly, trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, papain and proteinase K were used to produce different DH 6 WGPs. After enzyme inactivation and subsequent heating at optimal fibrillation conditions, chymotrypsin and proteinase K DH 6 WGPs produced small worm-like fibrils whereas fibrils prepared from trypsin DH 6 WGPs were long and straight. The surface hydrophobicity of the peptides was key for fibrillation. Thirdly, peptides from the wheat gluten components gliadin and glutenin fractions formed smaller and worm-like fibrils than did WGPs. Thus, peptides of both gluten protein fractions jointly contribute in gluten fibrillation.
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