Enzymatic synthesis of cosmetic grade wax ester in solvent free system: optimization, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Abstract

The enzymatic synthesis of cetyl caprate, a cosmetic grade ester was studied by esterification of cetyl alcohol and capric acid using Fermase CALB™10000 under solvent free condition. The process parameters namely, temperature, enzyme loading, molar ratio, agitation speed have been investigated and optimized to attain maximum yield of cetyl caprate. The maximum yield of 91.9% was obtained in 80 min under optimized conditions of 50 °C temperature, 3% enzyme loading, capric acid:cetyl alcohol ratio of 1:3, and 200 rpm stirring speed. The enzyme operational stability study reveals that enzyme can retain its original activity for the synthesis of cetyl caprate and could be reused up to five to six times without any notable loss of catalytic activity. The kinetics of the reaction was derived by employing non-linear regression consideration, and the experimental results and kinetic evaluation showed that reaction obeys ping-pong bi-bi model. The kinetic parameters, V max = 21.886 M/min/g catalyst, K A = 1.194 × 10 −2 M, K B = 8.4512 M, K iA = 2.02 × 10 −2 M, K iB = 3.55 × 10 −4 M and SSE = 4.31 × 10 −5 measured from initial rate data were used to replicate experimental results with good agreement. The thermodynamic parameters, i.e., change in enthalpy, Gibb's free energy, change in entropy was evaluated at different operating temperatures. Thus, current research work strikes a significant imprint in the cosmetic industry by synthesizing green and natural product using biocatalysis under solvent free condition.

A review of synthesis of esters with aromatic, emulsifying, and lubricant properties by biotransformation using lipases

“…Emollient esters derived from long-chain fatty acids increasingly replace simple oils (e.g., mineral oil or petroleum jelly) as the oil phase in properties can be differentiated into basic properties-viscosity, surface tension, spreadability, polarity and pour point (Hills, 2003;Jaiswal & Rathod, 2019). Table 3 presents an overview of the biocatalytic synthesis of esters with emollient properties used in cosmetics.…”

“…It is mostly made of straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Its properties can be differentiated into basic properties—viscosity, surface tension, spreadability, polarity and pour point (Hills, 2003; Jaiswal & Rathod, 2019). Table 3 presents an overview of the biocatalytic synthesis of esters with emollient properties used in cosmetics.…”

“…These fatty acid‐derived emollient esters are replacing petroleum‐based emollients due to environmental concerns. Its special properties, such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, good fat solubility, and excellent humectant properties at interfaces, transform them into very important ingredients in many cosmetic formulations, such as conditioners and moisturizers (Jaiswal & Rathod, 2019; Peter, 2001). Emollient esters can also be extracted from natural sources such as beeswax, jojoba oil, sheep wool, and carnauba.…”

Continuous Enzymatic Synthesis of 2-Ethylhexyl Oleate in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Operating Conditions, Hydrodynamics, and Mathematical Modeling

“…Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of emollient esters is a viable alternative to conventional synthetic processes, as it employs mild temperatures (40−60 °C) and is highly selective, decreasing the amount of waste generated. 6,7 The global enzyme market has gained prominence in the recent years, with revenues of $7 billion in 2019, estimated to reach $10 billion by 2024. 6 Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are widely applied in industrial processes for their excellent catalytic activity and high specificity.…”

“…The demand for environmentally friendly products derived from natural sources and produced using green chemistry methods has increased. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of emollient esters is a viable alternative to conventional synthetic processes, as it employs mild temperatures (40–60 °C) and is highly selective, decreasing the amount of waste generated. , The global enzyme market has gained prominence in the recent years, with revenues of $7 billion in 2019, estimated to reach $10 billion by 2024 …”