Enzymatic Pretreatment of Plant Cells for Oil Extraction

Abstract

Oil from oilseeds can be extracted by mechanical extraction (pressing), aqueous extraction, or by extraction with organic solvents. Although solvent extraction is the most efficient method, organic solvents are a potential hazard to the life and health for workers as well as to the environment, when solvent vapors are released and act as air pollutant with a high ozone forming potential. Pressing is safer, environmentally friendly, and it preserves valuable natural components in the resulting oils. The problems associated with pressing are the high energy consumption and the lower yield on oil extraction, because the applied mechanical force does not completely destroy the structural cell components storing the oil. In seed cells, the oil is contained in the form of lipid bodies (oleosomes) that are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a protein layer on the surface. These lipid bodies are further protected by the seed cell walls consisting mainly of polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses and cellulose, but also of glycoproteins. The use of hydrolases to degrade these barriers is a promising pretreatment strategy to support mechanical extraction and improve the oil yield. It is advisable to use a combination of enzymes different activities when considering the multicompartment and multicomponent structure of oilseed cells. This article gives an overview on the microstructure and composition of oilseed cells, reviews enzymes capable to destroy oil containing cell compartments, and summarizes the main parameters of enzymatic treatment procedures, such as the composition of the enzyme cocktail, the amount of enzyme and water used, temperature, pH, and the duration. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency of proteolytic, cellulolytic, and pectolytic enzyme pretreatment to increase the yield of mechanically extracted oil from various types of vegetable raw materials with the main focus on oilseeds.

Sunflower meal valorization through enzyme-aided fractionation and production of emerging prebiotics

“…Finally, the in uence of enzyme concentration was examined. A typical proteases dosage from 0.5 to 5% per g of lignocellulosic plant material could be found in several studies where protease-aided protein extraction from soybean, rapeseed, peanut, lupin, rice bran and sun ower were examined (52,53). In case of AIR-SFM treatment with Alcalase® using different amount of enzyme (0.625-2.5% on substrate), the highest protein concentration of 300 mg/g AIR-SFM was obtained using 2.5% Alcalase® 2.4L (Fig.…”

Effects of Roasting Temperatures on Peanut Oil and Protein Yield Extracted via Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction and Stability of the Oil Body Emulsion

“…These peanuts were more thoroughly crushed during wet processing, resulting in a greater degree disruption of their cellular structure. The enlarged contact area between peanuts and the wall-breaking enzyme accelerated the enzyme digestion process, promoting the release of oils and proteins and ultimately enhancing the extraction rate of peanut oil and protein [18,29]. Compared to 50 • C OB, the diameter of the 90 • C OB was significantly larger, potentially resulting from heat treatment causing some protein denaturation and the subsequent release of original bound oil and OB aggregation fusion (Figure 3A 3 ,B 3 ).…”