Enzymatic preparation of immunomodulatory hydrolysates from defatted wheat germ (Triticum Vulgare) globulin

Abstract

Summary Defatted wheat germ globulin (DWGG) was hydrolysed using the enzymes alcalase, neutrase, papain, pepsin or trypsin to improve the immunomodulatory effects of the protein. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), molecular weight distribution, hydrophobicity, secondary structures and immunomodulatory activities were determined. The DH of hydrolysate using alcalase or neutrase was higher (P < 0.05) than that of hydrolysate prepared by other proteases. Alcalase hydrolysate (AH) had the strongest (P < 0.05) immunomodulatory activity with respect to lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytosis of neutral red and secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The molecular weight of AH ranged between 300 and 1450 Da and was composed of α‐helix and β‐turns. AH also showed the highest hydrophobic value (P < 0.05). The DH and hydrophobicity appear to be related to immunomodulatory activities. The hydrolysate prepared by the alcalase treatment on DWGG may be used as an immune supplement by the food industry.

Bioactivity of bovine lung hydrolysates prepared using papain, pepsin, and Alcalase

“…The type of protease used may influence the DH as well as the bioactivity of hydrolysates. Wu et al () recently reported that an Alcalase hydrolysate of defatted wheat germ globulin had a higher DH compared with hydrolysates produced using papain or pepsin, and the Alcalase hydrolysate had significantly greater immunomodulatory activity in RAW264.7 cells. Karamac, Kosinska‐Cagnazzo, and Kulczyk () reported that an Alcalase hydrolysate of flaxseed protein had higher antioxidant activity compared to hydrolysates produced using papain or other proteases such as trypsin and flavourzyme.…”

“…Casein hydrolysates containing hydrophobic amino acids, such as leucine and proline, have also been reported to have antiinflammatory activity in cells (Malinowski, Klempt, Clawin-Rädecker, Lorenzen, & Meisel, 2014). Wu et al (2016) reported that higher levels of hydrophobic amino acids in hydrolysates of defatted wheat germ globulin were linked to higher immunomodulatory activity in RAW264.7 cells. Deer antler protein, which was hydrolyzed to generate potent anti-inflammatory hydrolysates, was reported to contain high quantities of glutamic acid, glycine, proline, and leucine (Zhao, Wang, Zhang, & Xie, 2016).…”

“…). The type of protease used may influence the DH as well as the bioactivity of hydrolysates Wu et al (2016). recently…”

Purification and identification immunomodulatory peptide from rice protein hydrolysates

“…Identification of molecular mass and amino acid sequences of purified peptides (fraction A3-B3-C2-D1-1) by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS system. correlate with immunomodulatory activity (Wu et al, 2016), which may increase the interaction of the peptide and cytomembrane and so improve immunomodulation (Mercier, Gauthier, & Filiss, 2004). In addition, being rich in basic amino acids or hydrophobic amino acids in terminals is also related to immunomodulatory activity (Chen, Muramoto, & Yamauchi, 1995).…”

Effect of heating and acidic pH on characteristics of wheat gluten suspension

“…It is widely used in a range of food (bakery products) as well as non‐food applications which includes production of bioplastics (Langstraat et al ., ) through to animal feeds and adhesives (Day et al ., ). Gluten can be hydrolysed to produce bioactive peptides with anti‐oxidant, anti‐microbial, anti‐cancer, opioid or anti‐hypertensive activities (Korhonen & Pihlanto, ; Shahidi & Zhong, ; Zhu et al ., ; Janković et al ., ; Garg et al ., ; Wu et al ., ). Enzymatic hydrolysis is the preferred method for the production of bioactive peptides and the extent of hydrolysis depends on the number, nature of amino acids and their sequence.…”