Enzymatic Preparation of Genuine Prosapogenin, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh₁, from Ginsenosides Re and Rg₁

Identification and Characterization of a NovelTerrabacter ginsenosidimutanssp. nov. β-Glucosidase That Transforms Ginsenoside Rb1 into the Rare Gypenosides XVII and LXXV

“…Enzymatic activities, the assimilation of substrates as the sole carbon source, acid production from the substrates, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics were determined using the API 20E, API 20NE, API 32GN, and API 50 CH galleries (bioMérieux). Growth at different temperatures (4,15,20,25,30,37,42, and 45°C) and various pH levels (pH 4.5 to 10.0 at intervals of 0.5 pH unit) was assessed after a 5-day incubation period. Salt tolerance was tested on R2A medium supplemented with 1 to 15% (wt/vol) NaCl after incubation for 5 days.…”

“…However, these approaches produce nonspecific racemic mixtures of rare ginsenosides. As an alternative, enzymatic methods have been explored as a way to convert the major ginsenosides into more pharmacologically active rare ginsenosides in a more specific manner (14,20).…”

Simultaneous Enrichment of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides and Monacolin K in Red Ginseng by Fermentation withMonascus pilosus

“…Many studies have examined the conversion of ginsenosides by enzymes, [19][20][21][22] heat, and chemicals to increase the amount of ginsenosides with less sugar, 23,24) but these approaches have disadvantages due to increased cost or decreased quality and flavor. Other approaches have been adopted involving fermentation with intestinal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium 25) or lactic acid bacteria, 26) but these methods require expensive media and result in low yields and poor productivity.…”

Optimization of Enzymatic Pretreatment for the Production of Fermented Ginseng using Leaves, Stems and Roots of Ginseng

“…with enzyme treatment [20], ginsenoside Rb 1 has been hydrolyzed by β-glucosidases from human intestinal bacteria [21,22], gypenoside-5 has been hydrolyzed into Rd by gypenoside-α-L-rhamnosidase [23], and the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 have been hydrolyzed by lactase from Penicillium sp. into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh 1 [6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol] [24]. Dammarane-type triterpenoid skeletons in ginseng saponins can be modified by saccharides such as glucose, arabinose, and xylose, producing various saponins depending on the method of modification.…”