Enzymatic Low Volume Passive Sweat Based Assays for Multi-Biomarker Detection

Bhide, Ashlesha; Cheeran, Sarah; Muthukumar, Sriram; Prasad, Shalini

doi:10.3390/bios9010013

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Electrochemical methods [14] are highly sensitive with easy implementation, and they are a candidate for miniaturization. Our group explored the electrochemical platform to fabricate a biosensor for important protein markers including CRP [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Electrochemical Characterization of Spiral Electrochemical Notification Coupled Electrode (SENCE) Platform for Biosensing Application

et al. 2020

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered to be an important biomarker associated with many diseases. During any physiological inflammation, the level of CRP reaches its peak at 48 h, whereas its half-life is around 19 h. Hence, the detection of low-level CRP is an important task for the prognostic management of diseases like cancer, stress, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. There are various techniques available in the market to detect low-level CRP like ELISA, Western blot, etc. An electrochemical biosensor is one of the important miniaturized platforms which provides sensitivity along with ease of operation. The most important element of an electrochemical biosensor platform is the electrode which, upon functionalization with a probe, captures the selective antibody–antigen interaction and produces a digital signal in the form of potential/current. Optimization of the electrode design can increase the sensitivity of the sensor by 5–10-fold. Herein, we come up with a new sensor design called the spiral electrochemical notification coupled electrode (SENCE) where the working electrode (WE) is concentric in nature, which shows better response than the market-available standard screen-printed electrode. The sensor is thoroughly characterized using a standard Ferro/Ferri couple. The sensing performance of the fabricated platform is also characterized by the detection of standard H2O2 using a diffusion-driven technique, and a low detection limit of 15 µM was achieved. Furthermore, we utilized the platform to detect a low level (100 ng/mL) of CRP in synthetic sweat. The manuscript provides emphasis on the design of a sensor that can offer good sensitivity in electrochemical biosensing applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Electrochemical Characterization of Spiral Electrochemical Notification Coupled Electrode (SENCE) Platform for Biosensing Application

et al. 2020

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“…The developed biosensing platform on integration with portable electronics has the potential to be a self-monitoring wearable device for real-time tracking of human lifestyle [79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochips for Physical Exercise Studies

Kocakulak

Ünal

2019

Natural and Applied Sciences Journal

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In early 1990s, microfluidics technology was mainly aiming at the manipulation of fluids in micro-scale and nanoscale. At present, with the development of microfluidics, it has been widely used in the life science and medical researches with significant achievements. The microfluidics technology can be used in single cell capture, cell screening, and synthesis of biomacromolecules. Some microfluidic chips have already been commercialized and applied in disease detection, drug delivery and bioscience. However, the physical index oriented wearable technology ignored another part of the most important indications in health monitoring i.e. the body fluid. The body fluid in this review refers to the blood, sweat, interstitial fluid, saliva, tears, and urine. The current medical procedures for the testing of body fluid involve using highly sophisticated instrument such as atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography and gas chromatograph for the detection of specific targets in body fluid. For correct detection of changes in body fluids, it is necessary to intervene in body fluids naturally. Physical fatigue is known to have a direct effect on body fluids. For this reason, microfluidic chips are used in experiments after exercise. Also exercise; diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, muscle, immune, and age-related decline in cognitive function have been documented against the protect. In addition, regular physical exercise is the most powerful initiative known to have positive effects on health and aging. In this review, the production and recent developments of microfluidic chips was classified by the detection object of the body fluid.

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“…Currently, a large number of enzymatic methods for the quantification of biomarkers have been developed [29][30][31]. The success of these platforms lies mainly in their relatively low cost, flexibility, and ability to be implemented for the simultaneous quantification of several biomarkers [32]. Nonetheless, it must be considered that saliva is a complex mixture of compounds so that multiple factors can interfere with the measurement procedure.…”

Section: Challenges In Enzymatic Methods For Salivary Biomarkers Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges

2021

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Early detection is a key factor in patient fate. Currently, multiple biomolecules have been recognized as biomarkers. Nevertheless, their identification is only the starting line on the way to their implementation in disease diagnosis. Although blood is the biofluid par excellence for the quantification of biomarkers, its extraction is uncomfortable and painful for many patients. In this sense, there is a gap in which saliva emerges as a non-invasive and valuable source of information, as it contains many of the biomarkers found in blood. Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect and quantify biomarkers in saliva samples. However, there are opportunity areas in terms of cost and complexity, which could be solved using simpler methodologies such as those based on enzymes. Many reviews have focused on presenting the state-of-the-art in identifying biomarkers in saliva samples. However, just a few of them provide critical analysis of technical elements for biomarker quantification in enzymatic methods for large-scale clinical applications. Thus, this review proposes enzymatic assays as a cost-effective alternative to overcome the limitations of current methods for the quantification of biomarkers in saliva, highlighting the technical and operational considerations necessary for sampling, method development, optimization, and validation.

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Enzymatic Low Volume Passive Sweat Based Assays for Multi-Biomarker Detection

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Design and Electrochemical Characterization of Spiral Electrochemical Notification Coupled Electrode (SENCE) Platform for Biosensing Application

Design and Electrochemical Characterization of Spiral Electrochemical Notification Coupled Electrode (SENCE) Platform for Biosensing Application

Biochips for Physical Exercise Studies

Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges

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