Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Benzohydroxamic Acid.

Virtanen, Artturi I.; Berg, A.; Nesland, A.

doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.05-0909

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Concerning aromatic hydroxamic acids there is little information. Benzohydroxamic acid (C6H5 -CO -NH -OH) is rapidly hydrolysed to benzoic acid and hydroxylamine by sheep-liver extracts and yeast autolysates (Virtanen & Berg, 1951), and in rabbits 70 % of doses of 90-100 mg./ kg. are excreted as hippuric acid (El Masry, Smith & Williams, unpublished results).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies in detoxication. 70. Metabolism of hydrazides and hydroxamic acids derived from salicylic acid

McIsaac

1957

Biochemical Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies in detoxication. 70. Metabolism of hydrazides and hydroxamic acids derived from salicylic acid

McIsaac

1957

Biochemical Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The enzymatic formation of 'Y-glutamyl-and ,B-aspartylhydroxamic acids both from glutamic and aspartic acids, as well as from glutamine and asparagine, has been dem onstrated in many organisms (16,17,18). The enzymatic synthesis of benzo hydroxamic acid has also been accomplished (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefatory Chapter: Some Aspects of Amino Acid Synthesis in Plants and Related Subjects

Virtanen¹

1961

Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 1961.12:1-13 (5), with collaborators, made the important discovery that glutamic acid dehydrogenase is specific for L glutamic acid and that the reaction catalyzed by it is reversible: L-glutamic acid;::: : a-ketoglutaric acid -\-NHa The first step in reductive amination, i.e., the combining of ammonia with a-ketoglutaric acid, is not well understood even yet, but the first prod uct was assumed to be (�.iminoglutaric acid, which is then reduced by glutamic acid dehydrogenase to L-glutamic acid. This enzyme was found in all kinds of organisms: microorganisms, higher plants, and animal tissues. Later studies confirmed its decisive importance for the biosynthesis of L glutamic add. Knoop's idea of amino acid synthesis was thus realized in_ regard to L-glutamic acid, but at the same time it became evident that it was not a reaction that could explain the biosynthesis of the many different amino acids.Two amino acids in which the amino group is formed through incorpora tion of an inorganic nitrogen compound into the carbon skeleton were thus established with certainty by the end of the 1930's. I have used the term "primary" for amino acids of this type; hence "secondary" amino acids refer to either those in which the precursor already contains the amino (or imino) group, or those to which the amino group is transferred from another com pound.The synthesis of other amino acids by an analogous mechanism was not known with certainty until quite recently, even though some evidence of the "primary" nature of alanine was presented earlier. In a scheme showing the synthesis of amino acids, ten years ago I used an arrow marked with a solid line for the biosynthesis of glutamic and aspartic acids from ammonia and an arrow marked with a broken line for alanine (6). The broken line how ever, can now be drawn as a solid one since Goldman (7) recently isolated and purified from a cell-free extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis an alanine dehydrogenase which catalyses the reaction: L-alanine+DPN+�pyruvate +NH4++DPNH.It is probable that the mechanism of action of glutamic and alanine de hydrogenases is similar. An analogous mechanism has been proposed for some other amino acids, e.g., L-aspartic acid from oxalacetic acid and am monia, but the enzyme preparations used were not purified and the reaction could not be sufficiently studied (8). Reductive amination of a-ketovaleric acid to L-norvaline, an amino acid which has never been found in higher organisms, has recently been carried out however, by crystalline glutamic acid dehydrogenase from liver (9). This reaction is possibly of no great bio logical significance, but from the biochemical point of view it is interesting, because it indicates that the 'Y-carboxyl group in a-ketoglutaric acid is not essential for the functioning of the enzyme.Even if in some organisms alanine may be formed primarily from am monia by alanine dehydrogenase, there is no proof that this amino acid

show abstract

Atmosphärischer Stickstoff als Aufrechterhalter des Lebens auf der Erde

Virtanen

1953

Angewandte Chemie

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biochemisches Institui HelsinkiDer wesentlichste Anteil des fur das Pflanzenwachstum der Erde notwendigen Stickstoffes wird biologisch durch Mikroorganismen gebunden. Nur wenige Prozente gebundenen Stickstoffes werden auf anderem Wege. etwa khstliche Stickstoff-Dungemittel, verfugbar. Die Voraussetzungen und die Primarschritte der biologischen Stickstoff-Bindung werden diskutiert. Versuche und neue Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, daO es moglich ist, die Ausnutzung biologischer Stickstoff-Bindung systematisch weiterzuentwickeln und derart die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und landwirtschaftliche Produktion wesentlich zu erhohen. Wege der Stickstoff-Bindung Biologische Stickstoff-BindungAls im Morgengrauen der modernen Chemie, am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, die Bedeutung des SauerstofFs fur die Atmung erkannt worden war, schien ftir den Hauptteil der Luft keine positive Aufgabe ubrigzubleiben. Zwar war dieser Bestandteil wichtig dadurch, da6 er als Verdiinnungsmittel des Sauerstoffs hemmend auf die Verbrennungsprozesse einwirkte. An sich war er aber der Erfahrung nach ein Feind des Lebens, wie es auch die ihm gegebenen Namen, ,,l'Azote", ,,Stickstoff", andeuten. Es dauerte aber nicht lange, so fand man, da6 dieser selbe Stickstoff einen von den zentralen Grundstoffen in jedem lebenden Organismus bildete. Durch das game 19. Jahrhundert bestand nun als groI3es Problem die Frage, wie sich die Pflanzen mit dern notigen Stickstoff versehen. Schon in der ersten HllFte des Jahrhunderts wurde man sich klar daruber, da6 die im Boden in geringen Mengen vorkommenden Stickstoff-Verbindungen biologischer Herkunft sind und der einzige wirkliche Stickstoff-Vorrat der Erde der atmospharische, gasformige Stickstoff ist. Ungefahr um diese Zeit fand auch die Auffassung allgemeine Zustimmung, daO sich die Pflanzen nicht unmittelbar des gasformigen Stickstoffs bedienen konnen, auch wenn freilich die Leguminosen laut gewisser Versuchsbefunde und insbesondere der praktischen Erfahrung, in dieser Hinsicht eine Sonderstellung allen anderen Pflanzen gegenuber einzunehmen schienen. Es ist interessant zu verfolgen, wie mit der grolten Sorgfalt angeordnete Versuche zu negativen Ergebnissen betreffs der Sonderstellung der Leguminosen in bezug auf die Stickstoff-Nahrung ftihren, wlhrend bei grober Versuchsausftlhrung Resultate erzielt werden, die sich rnit den positiven Erfahrungen der Praxis decken. Erst 1886

show abstract

Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Benzohydroxamic Acid.

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Studies in detoxication. 70. Metabolism of hydrazides and hydroxamic acids derived from salicylic acid

Studies in detoxication. 70. Metabolism of hydrazides and hydroxamic acids derived from salicylic acid

Prefatory Chapter: Some Aspects of Amino Acid Synthesis in Plants and Related Subjects

Atmosphärischer Stickstoff als Aufrechterhalter des Lebens auf der Erde

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About