Enzymatic Formation of Pheophorbide and Pyropheophorbide during Chlorophyll Degradation in a Mutant of Chlorella fusca Shihira Ee Kraus

Ziegler, R.; Blaheta, A.; Guha, N.; Schönegge, B.

doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(88)80115-9

Cited by 84 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several published reports have described accumulation of various green intermediates of chlorophyll breakdown, including phein and pyropheophytin (Schoch et al, 1981;Schoch and Vielwerth, 1983;Amir-Shapira et al, 1987). However, dephytylated pigments, such as chlide, pheide, and pyropheophorbide, have been found as well (Amir-Shapira et al, 1987;Ziegler et al, 1988;Shimokawa et al, 1990;Shioi et al, 1991;Roca et al, 2004). Identification of Mg-free pheo intermediates is in agreement with the proposed route, but accumulation of chlide would argue against it.…”

Section: Pph Is a Pheophytinase But Not A Chlorophyllasementioning

confidence: 55%

Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (Pheophytinase) Is Involved in Chlorophyll Breakdown during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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During leaf senescence, chlorophyll is removed from thylakoid membranes and converted in a multistep pathway to colorless breakdown products that are stored in vacuoles. Dephytylation, an early step of this pathway, increases water solubility of the breakdown products. It is widely accepted that chlorophyll is converted into pheophorbide via chlorophyllide. However, chlorophyllase, which converts chlorophyll to chlorophyllide, was found not to be essential for dephytylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we identify pheophytinase (PPH), a chloroplast-located and senescence-induced hydrolase widely distributed in algae and land plants. In vitro, Arabidopsis PPH specifically dephytylates the Mg-free chlorophyll pigment, pheophytin (phein), yielding pheophorbide. An Arabidopsis mutant deficient in PPH (pph-1) is unable to degrade chlorophyll during senescence and therefore exhibits a stay-green phenotype. Furthermore, pph-1 accumulates phein during senescence. Therefore, PPH is an important component of the chlorophyll breakdown machinery of senescent leaves, and we propose that the sequence of early chlorophyll catabolic reactions be revised. Removal of Mg most likely precedes dephytylation, resulting in the following order of early breakdown intermediates: chlorophyll / pheophytin / pheophorbide. Chlorophyllide, the last precursor of chlorophyll biosynthesis, is most likely not an intermediate of breakdown. Thus, chlorophyll anabolic and catabolic reactions are metabolically separated.

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Section: Pph Is a Pheophytinase But Not A Chlorophyllasementioning

confidence: 55%

Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (Pheophytinase) Is Involved in Chlorophyll Breakdown during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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“…C13 2 -demethylated catabolites have so far only been identified in the Brassicaceae, and in the past an enzyme termed pheophorbidase has been described, which is capable of hydrolyzing the C13 2 -methylester of Pheide (Suzuki et al 2006). The product of the reaction, C13 2 -carboxyl pyropheophorbide, was shown to spontaneously decarboxylate to pyropheophorbide (Shioi et al 1996b), a proposed product of Chl breakdown mainly found in algae and during post harvest senescence (Ziegler et al 1988;Aiamla-or et al 2010). Pheophorbidase was cloned from Raphanus sativus (Suzuki et al 2006); it is a serine-type esterase and is highly similar to the members of the Arabidopsis methyl esterase (MES) protein family.…”

Section: C13 2 -Methylester Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

2012

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In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multi-step pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past. Abstract In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past.

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“…Chl a was the major chloropigment present at all eddy-field stations making up an average of 88±12 mole% of pigments measured, while pheophytin-a dominated FF stations. Pheophorbide-a was present in small amounts at anticyclonic eddy AE2, suggesting a low zooplankton grazing activity (Shuman and Lorenzen, 1975;Ziegler et al, 1988). Pyropheophorbide-a ranged from 0.08 to 3.43 mole% at AE1 and FF1, respectively.…”

Section: Pigment Fluxes and Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher chlorophyll enrichment reflects "fresher" material within eddies, while at FF stations a higher proportion of pheophytin-a illustrated the more important role of microbes and microzooplankton in organic matter degradation (Shuman and Lorenzen, 1975;Sun et al, 1993;Strom, 1993). The absence or very low fluxes of pheophorbide-a and pyropheophorbide-a at both FF and eddy-field stations indicate a minimum impact of grazing by mesozooplankton (Shuman and Lorenzen, 1975;Ziegler et al, 1988). Low pheopigment fluxes have been previously reported in the NE subarctic Pacific where the impact of mesozooplankton herbivory was negligible during summer (Thibault et al, 1999).…”

Section: Eddy-field Influence On Organic Matter Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional and temporal variability of sinking organic matter in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean: a biomarker diagnosis

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Sinking particles through the pelagic ocean have been traditionally considered the most important vehicle by which the biological pump sequesters carbon in the ocean interior. Nevertheless, regional scale variability in particle flux is a major outstanding issue in oceanography. Here, we have studied the regional and temporal variability of total particulate organic matter fluxes, as well as chloropigment and total hydrolyzed amino acid (THAA) compositions and fluxes in the Canary Current region, between 20-30 • N, during two contrasting periods: August 2006, characterized by warm and stratified waters, but also intense winds which enhanced eddy development south of the Canary Islands, and February 2007, characterized by colder waters, less stratification and higher productivity. We found that the eddyfield generated south of the Canary Islands enhanced by >2 times particulate organic carbon (POC) export with respect to stations (FF; far-field) outside the eddy-field influence. We also observed flux increases of one order of magnitude in chloropigment and 2 times in THAA in the eddy-field relative to FF stations. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed to assess changes in particulate organic matter composition between stations. At eddy-field stations, higher chlorophyll enrichment reflected "fresher" material, while at FF stations a higher proportion of pheophytin indicated greater degradation due to microbes and microzooplankton. PCA also suggests that phytoplankton community structure, particularly the dominance of diatoms versus carbonate-rich plankton, is the major factor influencing the POC export within the eddy field. In February, POC export

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Enzymatic Formation of Pheophorbide and Pyropheophorbide during Chlorophyll Degradation in a Mutant of Chlorella fusca Shihira Ee Kraus

Cited by 84 publications

References 19 publications

Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (Pheophytinase) Is Involved in Chlorophyll Breakdown during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (Pheophytinase) Is Involved in Chlorophyll Breakdown during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

Regional and temporal variability of sinking organic matter in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean: a biomarker diagnosis

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