Summary
A crude polysaccharide extract of Dendrobium aphyllum (cDAP, yield 38.15 ± 0.20%) was generated. The D. aphyllum polysaccharide (DAP, Mw 471.586 kDa), purified by DEAEâSepharose and SephadexâG200 Fast Flow, was composed of mannose (71.3%) and glucose (28.7%), according to GCâMS analysis. Its backbone was composed of ÎČâdâmannopyranose and ÎČâdâglucopyranose residues, as revealed by infrared spectroscopic analysis. Its glycosidic bond was mainly 1, 4âlinked, and the Oâacetyl groups were mainly linked to mannose residues, according to periodate oxidation and Smith degradation analysis. The DAP units polymerised into a filiformâshaped spatial pattern, as characterised by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. DAP treatment enhanced cytokine secretion (nitric oxide, interleukinâ6 and tumour necrosis factorâα) and pinocytic and phagocytic capacities of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The complement receptor 3 and mannose receptor were identified to be the receptors of DAP on RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that the Akt/mTOR/MAPK and IKK/nuclear factorâÄžB pathways could be involved in DAPâactivated immunomodulation.