Enzymatic Crosslinked Hydrogels of Gelatin and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Loaded with Probiotic Bacteria as Oral Delivery System

Corona-Escalera, Aldo F.; Tinajero‐Díaz, Ernesto; García-Reyes, Rudy A.; Luna-Bárcenas, Gabriel; Seyfoddin, Ali; Rosa, José Daniel Padilla-de la; González-Ávila, Marisela; García-Carvajal, Zaira Y.

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14122759

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Wang et al (2004) demonstrated the formation of Schiff’s base and NH 3+ in a CS–PVA hydrogel [ 14 ]. Corona-Escalera et al (2022) suggested the formation of covalent bonds by an esterification reaction between free carboxylic and hydroxyl groups in Gel/PVA hydrogels crosslinked with transglutaminase enzyme [ 54 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel Based on Chitosan/Gelatin/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for In Vitro Human Auricular Chondrocyte Culture

Ortega-Sánchez,

Melgarejo-Ramírez,

Rodríguez-Rodríguez

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels provide tissue-like complexities and allow for the spatial orientation of cells, leading to more realistic cellular responses in pathophysiological environments. There is a growing interest in developing multifunctional hydrogels using ternary mixtures for biomedical applications. This study examined the biocompatibility and suitability of human auricular chondrocytes from microtia cultured onto steam-sterilized 3D Chitosan/Gelatin/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (CS/Gel/PVA) hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Hydrogels were prepared in a polymer ratio (1:1:1) through freezing/thawing and freeze-drying and were sterilized by autoclaving. The macrostructure of the resulting hydrogels was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a heterogeneous macroporous structure with a pore size between 50 and 500 μm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that the three polymers interacted through hydrogen bonding between the amino and hydroxyl moieties. The profile of amino acids present in the gelatin and the hydrogel was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), suggesting that the majority of amino acids interacted during the formation of the hydrogel. The cytocompatibility, viability, cell growth and formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were evaluated to demonstrate the suitability and functionality of the 3D hydrogels for the culture of auricular chondrocytes. The cytocompatibility of the 3D hydrogels was confirmed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reaching 100% viability after 72 h. Chondrocyte viability showed a high affinity of chondrocytes for the hydrogel after 14 days, using the Live/Dead assay. The chondrocyte attachment onto the 3D hydrogels and the formation of an ECM were observed using SEM. Immunofluorescence confirmed the expression of elastin, aggrecan and type II collagen, three of the main components found in an elastic cartilage extracellular matrix. These results demonstrate the suitability and functionality of a CS/Gel/PVA hydrogel as a 3D support for the auricular chondrocytes culture, suggesting that these hydrogels are a potential biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering applications, aimed at the regeneration of elastic cartilage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel Based on Chitosan/Gelatin/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for In Vitro Human Auricular Chondrocyte Culture

Ortega-Sánchez,

Melgarejo-Ramírez,

Rodríguez-Rodríguez

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Encouraged by these results, we proceeded to encapsulate the bacteria for the preparation of ELMs using PVA as the polymer matrix. PVA is a synthetic, water-soluble, and biocompatible polymer widely used for the encapsulation of probiotics ( Çanga and Dudak, 2021 ; Corona-Escalera et al, 2022 ). In this work, the PVA backbone was modified with vinyl sulfone groups to create a stable hydrogel network by chemical crosslinking ( Figure 2A ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered living materials for the conversion of a low-cost food-grade precursor to a high-value flavonoid

Riedel,

Bartolomé,

Enrico

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Microbial biofactories allow the upscaled production of high-value compounds in biotechnological processes. This is particularly advantageous for compounds like flavonoids that promote better health through their antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and other beneficial effects but are produced in small quantities in their natural plant-based hosts. Bacteria like E. coli have been genetically modified with enzyme cascades to produce flavonoids like naringenin and pinocembrin from coumaric or cinnamic acid. Despite advancements in yield optimization, the production of these compounds still involves high costs associated with their biosynthesis, purification, storage and transport. An alternative production strategy could involve the direct delivery of the microbial biofactories to the body. In such a strategy, ensuring biocontainment of the engineered microbes in the body and controlling production rates are major challenges. In this study, these two aspects are addressed by developing engineered living materials (ELMs) consisting of probiotic microbial biofactories encapsulated in biocompatible hydrogels. Engineered probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 able to efficiently convert cinnamic acid into pinocembrin were encapsulated in poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels. The biofactories are contained in the hydrogels for a month and remain metabolically active during this time. Control over production levels is achieved by the containment inside the material, which regulates bacteria growth, and by the amount of cinnamic acid in the medium.

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Drug Delivery Systems

Azagury,

Kaeek,

Khoury

et al. 2023

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Drug delivery systems (DDSs) and their administration routes play a critical role in the efficacy and safety of drugs. There are several physiological routes for drug delivery, including oral administration, injectables, inhalation, transdermal, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. This article focuses on these administration routes, describes their advantages and disadvantages, and elaborates on triggered and targeted DDS. Additionally, this article also describes drug release mechanisms from DDSs. DDSs are classified based on their physicochemical properties and administration routes. Pulsatile/stimuli systems allow controlled drug release at a specific time or location in response to an external stimulus. In addition, the controlled DDS employs several drug release mechanisms, such as diffusion, swelling, and erosion, to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Representative applications of DDSs include the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The COVID‐19 vaccine is a significant achievement in DDS, showcasing its potential to address global health crises. It utilizes lipid nanoparticles to encapsulate and protect mRNA, enabling targeted delivery to host cells. The mRNA instructs cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, triggering an immune response for COVID‐19 protection. In conclusion, DDSs and their administration routes are vital for safe and effective drug development, with recent advances such as pulsatile/stimuli systems showing promise for targeted delivery. The COVID‐19 vaccine development demonstrates the potential of DDS in tackling global health issues.

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Enzymatic Crosslinked Hydrogels of Gelatin and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Loaded with Probiotic Bacteria as Oral Delivery System

Cited by 6 publications

References 77 publications

Hydrogel Based on Chitosan/Gelatin/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for In Vitro Human Auricular Chondrocyte Culture

Hydrogel Based on Chitosan/Gelatin/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for In Vitro Human Auricular Chondrocyte Culture

Engineered living materials for the conversion of a low-cost food-grade precursor to a high-value flavonoid

Drug Delivery Systems

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