Enzymatic antioxidants activity in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in advanced periodontitis

Abstract

AimEnzymatic antioxidants are the primary line of defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress. However, their involvement in the progression of periodontitis is still not well understood. The study aimed to determine the activity of enzymatic antioxidants in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with periodontitis.Materials and methodsThe study group of 56 patients with periodontitis (stage III and IV) and 28 healthy controls were involved. The modified plaque index, probing depth, the clinical attachment level, the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing, papilla bleeding index, and maximum value of tooth mobility (Periotest®) were tested. Saliva (stimulated and non‐stimulated) and GCF were collected from the participants, and activity of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase were determined colorimetrically.ResultsLower activity of peroxidase (p < 0.0001), catalase (p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase (p = 0.0188), and glutathione reductase (p < 0.0001) was noted in non‐stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. Peroxidase (p < 0.0001), catalase (p < 0.0001) and superoxide dismutase (p < 0.0001) showed lower activity in stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. The peroxidase (p < 0.0029), catalase (p < 0.0001), and glutathione reductase (p = 0.0028) activity in GCF of stage III + IV were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Superoxide dismutase (p < 0.0001) showed lower activity in GCF of patients with periodontitis.ConclusionsThe demonstrated decrease in activity of all analyzed enzymatic antioxidants in non‐stimulated saliva may result from long‐lasting periodontitis and exhaustion of the safeguard mechanism against reactive oxygen species.

Association Between Salivary Cytokines, Chemokines and Growth Factors and Salivary Gland Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

“…The study material was whole unstimulated saliva collected from children via the spitting method. 21,26 Saliva was obtained between 7 and 9 a.m., one day after admission to the Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology at the Children's Hospital of the Medical University of Bialystok, or during a routine dental visit. Samples were taken in a separate, childfriendly room to ensure maximum patient comfort.…”

“…The collection time for saliva samples was 10 min. The time that had passed since their last meal, tooth brushing and medication intake was at least 8 h. 21,26 Immediately after sample collection, the volume of saliva was measured using a calibrated pipette with the accuracy of 100 µL. Next, salivary flow rate (SFR) was calculated by dividing the volume of the sample by the time necessary to collect it (mL/min).…”

Estrés oxidativo en saliva generado por el humo de tabaco: impacto en la periodontitis y perspectivas hacia el uso de farmacología redox

“…Estaí n�luenciada por la respuesta in�lamatoria del hueśped, contenidos en el lıquido crevicular gingival y la saliva. Además, puede ser afectada por factores ambientales y de comportamiento y su desarrollo puede ser modi�icado por factores locales (por ejemplo, el tabaquismo), condiciones adquiridas (enfermedades sisteḿicas) y factores geneticos (6) (38). Al conjunto de microorganismos presentes en la cavidad oral, se le denomina microbioma oral o bio�ilm oral.…”

“…Además, existe un creciente intereś en el estudio del rol que cumplen las especies reactivas en los mecanismos etiopatogeńicos de algunas enfermedades orales. En ese sentido, la periodontitis es precisamente una enfermedad ıńtimamente relacionada con un desequilibrio de la homeostasis redox, donde la inducción de disbiosis oral y el estado in�lamatorio que se establece, colaboran en la formación de más especies oxidantes y radicales libres que dañan componentes celulares (5) (6) . En ese tipo de patologıás, una saliva con baja capacidad antioxidante no solo di�iculta el restablecimiento del estado redox salival, sino que además actúa de forma sineŕgica al estado proin�lamatorio subyacente provocando un mayor daño a nivel tisular y dentario (7) .…”

Salivary Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis

“…Salivary glutathione peroxidase, which is a marker of neutrophil antioxidant capacity, also significantly higher in periodontitis. 27 Growth Factors in Periodontitis: Growth factors play a variety of roles in immune responses, and elevated levels of TGF-, epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor have been found in periodontitis patients. However, only a few studies have found a link between salivary hepatocyte growth factor and periodontitis.…”