Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit

Jaeger, Friedrich

doi:10.1007/978-3-476-00062-0_1

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 428 publications

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“…However, it involved various European powers directly or indirectly throughout its duration (Brendle, 2010;Stoffel et al, 2022). The war consisted of several regional and European conflicts, comprising a total of 13 individual wars and 10 peace treaties (Kaiser, 2005;Dürr, 2010). It was unprecedented in terms of the prolonged duration and the large number of troops involved in combat.…”

Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, almost all neighbouring states of Germany were directly or indirectly engaged in the conflict (Repgen, 2015). The term "TYW" is not solely a modern descriptor; even European contemporaries of the first half of the 17th century recognized that the ongoing succession of conflicts constituted a larger and more widespread war (Kaiser, 2005;Repgen, 2015).…”

Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sense that conflict might be inevitable arose in the early 17th century. This was a time when many were burdened with eschatological concerns (Asch, 1997;Kaiser, 2005;Bähr, 2017). The increasing polarization among different Christian denominations disrupted the functioning of institutions within the Holy Roman Empire, including its Imperial Diet, which served as a central forum for negotiations (Kaiser, 2005;Gotthard, 2010).…”

Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was a time when many were burdened with eschatological concerns (Asch, 1997;Kaiser, 2005;Bähr, 2017). The increasing polarization among different Christian denominations disrupted the functioning of institutions within the Holy Roman Empire, including its Imperial Diet, which served as a central forum for negotiations (Kaiser, 2005;Gotthard, 2010). Within the Imperial Diet, an important subset consisted of the Imperial Estates, which comprised both ecclesiastical and secular entities.…”

Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subsequent phase of the TYW, known as the Palatinian War (1620-1623), unfolded within the Holy Roman Empire and was directed against Frederick V of the Palatinate (Kaiser, 2005;Rebitsch et al, 2019). In 1620, Spanish troops started occupying portions of the Palatinate in opposition to the Calvinistic Frederick V, who subsequently lost his Prince-Electorship in 1623.…”

Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Weather and climate and their human impacts and responses during the Thirty Years' War in central Europe

Brázdil,

Dobrovolný,

Pfister

et al. 2023

Clim. Past

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Abstract. The Thirty Years' War, which took place from 1618 to 1648 CE, was an armed military conflict in Europe. It resulted from the culmination of theological differences between advocates of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, as well as a power struggle for European political hegemony. This war brought about extensive devastation to Europe. Based on documentary evidence, this paper characterizes the climate, weather extremes, and economic and socio-political events in central Europe during that time. Natural climate forcing indicates a gradual climate deterioration during the first half of the 17th century, associated with a decrease in solar activity towards the Maunder Minimum and increased volcanic activity. The mean temperatures in central Europe from 1618 to 1648 were significantly colder than the reference period of 1961 to 1990 in winter, autumn, and annually, while precipitation and drought means did not differ significantly from the reference period. Summer temperatures, spring precipitation, and drought also exhibited significantly greater variability. As for weather extremes, particularly late winter, late spring and early autumn frosts, floods, intense rain spells, and droughts affected grain, fruit, and vine grape harvests, as well as the yields of other crops. These weather extremes contributed to various human impacts, such as food shortages (reflecting harvests and grain prices), famines, and epidemics. Ultimately, these events, along with the effects of the war, led to a decline in the population. The results obtained are discussed within the broader European context, taking into account climate, weather extremes, and socio-economic impacts.

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Section: The Thirty Years' Warmentioning

confidence: 99%