Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Triclosan Induce Cyto-Genotoxicity and Biochemical Alterations in the Hatchlings of Labeo rohita

Abstract

Xenobiotic Triclosan (TCS) is of great concern because of its existence in a variety of personal, household and healthcare products and continuous discharge in water worldwide. Excessive use of TCS-containing sanitizers and antiseptic products during the COVID-19 pandemic further increased its content in aquatic ecosystems. The present study deals with the cyto-genotoxic effects and biochemical alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS. Three-days-old hatchlings were exposed to tap water, acetone (solvent control) and 4 environmentally relevant concentrations (6.3, 12.6, 25.2 and 60 µg/L) of TCS for 14 days and kept for a recovery period of 10 days. The significant concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but increase in micronucleated cells, nucleo-cellular abnormalities (NCAs) and DNA damage parameters like tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment and percent of tail DNA after exposure persisted till the end of recovery period. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, uric acid and urea (except for an increase at 60 µg/L) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease after 14 days of exposure. The same trend (except for triglycerides, albumin and total bilirubin) continued till 10 days post exposure. In comparison to control, transaminases (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) increased (p ≤ 0.05) after exposure as well as the recovery period, while a decline in alkaline phosphatase after exposure was followed by a significant increase during the recovery period. The results show that the environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS cause deleterious effects on the hatchlings of L. rohita.

Cellular, molecular and genomic alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita after exposure to Triclosan

“…Significant decrease in the intensity of these peaks after recovery may be linked with either oxidation of proteins under the influence of accumulated ROS or their metabolism to fulfil higher energy demand in the stressed hatchlings. In our previous studies (Sharma et al, 2021a;2021b), we observed a significant decline in protein content in the TCS exposed hatchlings and this directly supports the present observations. Similarly, altered intensity of amide A, amide I and amide II has also been reported in the TCS exposed embryos/larvae of four food fishes (Dar et al, 2022) and in liver, muscle, brain and kidney of arsenic exposed fingerlings of L. rohita (Palaniappan and Vijayasundaram, 2008a;Palaniappan and Vijayasundaram, 2008b;Palaniappan and Vijayasundaram, 2009a;Palaniappan and Vijayasundaram, 2009b).…”

“…It was performed by the protocol of Sharma et al (2021b). Cell suspension was prepared by homogenizing 10 hatchlings in 500 µl of phosphate buffer saline (7.4) followed by centrifugation at 500 × g for 10 min.…”

“…This assay was performed by the method of Sharma et al (2021b) with slight modifications. Twenty hatchlings were kept in 1 ml of Carnoy's fixative (6: 3: 1: ethanol: chloroform: acetic acid) for 1 h, homogenized, centrifuged and finally cell suspension was prepared in 100 µl of acetic acid.…”

Mitigation of haemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus carpio via silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure

“…While their application contributes to increased food production, it is also linked to potential risks such as water body contamination and adverse health effects on non-target organisms [ 9 , 10 ]. Unsystematic and unabated use of these agrochemicals endangers the aquatic ecosystems in areas adjacent to agricultural fields, ultimately endangering non-target aquatic organisms [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ]. Within this context, pesticides predominantly can be absorbed through fish gills, skin, or the digestive system, subsequently making their way to various tissues through the circulatory system [ [16] , [17] , [18] ].…”

“…As a response to mitigate the detrimental impact of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms, the exploration of additive-based treatments sourced from natural origins is progressively gaining prominence and attention [ [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] ]. The worldwide exploration of the modulatory role of antioxidants found within phytochemicals, as a means to diminish free radical-induced damage, underscores the growing significance of this area of research [ 13 ]. In this context, recognised as “milk thistle” is Silybum marianum , a member of the Asteraceae family, which holds a significant status as a herb with remarkable antioxidant properties [ 28 , 29 ].…”