Environmentally friendly solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in fish samples

Abstract

In this work, a facile and environmentally friendly solid-phase microextraction assay based on on-fiber derivatization coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for determining four nonvolatile index biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine) in fish samples. In the assay, the fiber was firstly dipped into a solution with isobutyl chloroformate as derivatization reagent and isooctane as extraction solvent. Thus, a thin organic liquid membrane coating was developed. Then the modified fiber was immersed into sample solution to extract four important bioamines. Afterwards, the fiber was directly inserted into gas chromatography injection port for thermal desorption. 1,7-Diaminoheptane was employed as internal standard reagent for quantification of the targets. The limits of detection of the method were 2.98-45.3 μg/kg. The proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of bioamines in several fish samples with recoveries ranging 78.9-110%. The organic reagent used for extraction was as few as microliter that can greatly reduce the harm to manipulator and environment. Moreover, the extraction procedures were very simple without concentration and elution procedures, which can greatly simplify the pretreatment process. The assay can be extended to the in situ screening of other pollutant in food safety by changing the derivatization reagent.

Literature update of analytical methods for biogenic amines determination in food and beverages

“…Recently, several works focused on determination of BAs in food samples such as fish or alcoholic beverages by using isobutyl chloroformate coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) [75] or dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [24,59]. Reported methods were efficient and highly reproducible, allowing the accurate identification and quantification of a higher number of biogenic amines.…”

“…Colorimetric sensor arrays consisting either of several amine sensitive dyes [81] or organic liquid crystals [82] also have been applied for the determination of volatile amines in food and beverage samples. In this section several analytical procedures used for biogenic amines determination in wine [24,87,86,98] and fish samples [75,85,91,99] by application of different type of methods (GC, LC and CE), that are mentioned in this paper are assessed in respect to the green character. To evaluate these selected protocols, Analytical Eco-Scale was used.…”

Emerging Trends in Biogenic Amines Analysis

“…In a more recent study, Huang et al performed an environmentally friendly SPME coupled with GC-MS for the determination of biogenic amines in fish samples. The LODs were 2.98-45.3 μg kg −1 [76]. The analysis time was shorter in the GC methods than the LC methods, and the obtained LODs were generally satisfying.…”

Developing and Validating a UPLC‐MS Method with a StageTip‐Based Extraction for the Biogenic Amines Analysis in Fish

“…Analysis of BAs is mainly based on chromatographic methods, including capillary electrophoresis (He, Xu, Hirokawa, & Shen, ), ion chromatography (Palermo, Muscarella, Nardiello, Iammarino, & Centonze, ), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Manetta et al., ), gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Huang et al., ), and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS; Nalazek‐Rudnicka & Wasik, ). Among these methods, analysis of the derivatized BAs via HPLC system coupled with UV detector is the most widely used (Papageorgiou et al., ).…”