Environmentally Friendly and Cheap Removal of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) from Wastewater with Fish Scales Waste Remains

Abstract

In this article, the physical and chemical properties of pulverized, vinegar treated waste from fish scale remains of fish from Lake Ngami in Sehitwa near Maun, Botswana, were investigated for a possibility of being employed as an environmentally friendly and cheap sorbent material for reducing or removing excess, toxic, heavy metal ions from wastewater before different uses. Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions were selected as model ions to demonstrate the potential of fish scale waste remains in removing excess toxic heavy metal ions. The pulverized size of the waste was found to be 60 µm, with round and smooth morphology, which are excellent characteristics usually associated with superior sorbents. Furthermore, the fourier transform infrared spectrometer spectrum showed multiple functional groups such as amines, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and carbonyls which are well known to bond well with metals through hydrogen and oxygen bonding. The X-ray diffractogram of the fish scales showed the presence of hydroxyapatite, which has an excellent ion-exchange performance, which exchanges calcium ion site with metals. Multivariate methodologies statistical software, Minitab, were employed for the simultaneous optimization factors that affect sorption studies; initial ions concentration which was found to be 24.45 mg/L, the sorbents dose which was found to be 76.99 mg/L, contact time, which were found to be 62.37 min and solution pH 7.52. The fish scales waste also exhibited high percentage removal efficiencies toward Lead (II) and Zinc (II) removal from real wastewater samples at 81.97% and 80.37% with percentage relative standard deviation of 1.34% and 1.02% respectively.

Assessment of fish scale biosorbent in the treatment of seafood processing plant wastewater

“…6). Similar reports about shift in peaks were given by many workers 17–21 . The phosphate and sulphonate peaks completely disappeared in the treated biosorbent spectrum.…”

“…Similar reports about shift in peaks were given by many workers. [17][18][19][20][21] The phosphate and sulphonate peaks completely disappeared in the treated biosorbent spectrum. In the present work, the functional groups of interest involved in the adsorption process were carboxyl and amino groups due to their valence charge; however, phosphate and sulphonate groups also are important because they perform complexation with pollutant ions process during treatment.…”

Studies on the efficiency of fish scale adsorbents for treatment of fish processing effluent

“…In this study, the peaks that correspond to frequencies of vibration showed visible shift in their peak positions after adsorption treatment with effluent samples. Dried fish scale adsorbent and fish scale biochar exhibited sharp peaks at 547, 570, 601, 1010, and 1018.41 cm −1 which corresponds to the presence of functional groups such as triple bending vibrations of phosphate, alkane, carbonate, and carboxyl groups 34–37 . The spectrum of control adsorbent showed peaks at 493, 686, 1049, and 3495 cm −1 which indicates the presence of CH aromatic, amide (NH), CO stretching, and OH stretching mode of hydroxyl functional groups 38–42 .…”

Remediation of Boating and Jetty Pollutants from the Okavango Delta Surface Water Employing Valorized Tilapia ruweti Waste Material

“…The fish scales waste from Tilapia ruweti (Tr) sampled at Lake Ngami in Sehithwa near Maun, Botswana were treated and characterized following an adapted method by Stevens and Batlokwa [21]. The scales were sun dried for 2 days and pulverized using a Fritsch pulverisette 5 pulverizer obtained from Fritsch (Berlin, Germany), then sieved to 63 -200-micron mesh size.…”

“…Afterwards, a face centered central composite design was then conducted to determine the optimum conditions for each factor, resulting to a maximized response of the experiments. During the screening process, the experimental conditions in Table 1 were adapted [21]. The resulting filtered solution was transferred into a 50 mL volumetric flask and the sample diluted with deionized water up to the mark.…”