Environmentally Benign Design of Renewable Oleoresin-Bioenergized Imidacloprid Nanohydrocolloids for Improved Activity, Lower Toxicity, and Agroecological Sustainability

Abstract

Imidacloprid is a first-generation neonicotinoid that is frequently used to manage a variety of pests. Run-off problems, poor wettability, limited effectiveness, and high dosages are the main drawbacks of its current formulations, which negatively affect consumers, pollinators, and the environment. In response to all of these issues, a powerful and environmentally safe imidacloprid nanosuspension (NS) formulation is made using liquid engineering and the biosynergistic pepper oleoresin. The effects of surfactant types, concentration, sheer mixing speed, duration on particle size, and polydispersity index were thoroughly investigated using Zetasizer and scanning electron microscopy. Quality indicators including zeta potential (−36 mV), viscosity, and particle size (30 nm) were successfully modified using CIPAC principles. Oleoresin increases the viscosity while lowering the sedimentation velocity, giving the NS stability for long-term storage. On cotton whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), the NS has shown superior effectiveness (92%), which may be attributed to its improved (30%) retention and penetration as well as a lower contact angle (37.10). GC−MS analysis found terpene-rich bioactive compounds such as limonene and caryophyllene that may have improved the insecticidal effects of imidacloprid. The NS is less detrimental (69%) to natural defenses, has minor acute toxicity to fish (LC 50 = 136.3 mg L −1 ), and exhibits low phytotoxicity. The NS reduced the detrimental effects on seed germination and growth. HPLC estimates that the reduced deposits (0.06 mg kg −1 ) on flowers make the NS 3.5 times less harmful for pollinators and more advantageous for soil microbes. Since the residual level in the NS-treated cotton seed oil was below the maximum residue limit (0.01 mg kg −1 ), the oil was determined to be safe for human consumption. Scientific validation of the production of a similar toxin in stable, effective, and safe agricultural nanoforms may increase its efficacy even at lower doses, safeguarding human and environmental health and fostering sustainable growth of green plant protection.