Environmental Toxicity Assessment of Sodium Fluoride and Platinum-Derived Drugs Co-Exposure on Aquatic Organisms

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are widely acknowledged to be a threat to aquatic life. Over the last two decades, the steady use of biologically active chemicals for human health has been mirrored by a rise in the leaking of these chemicals into natural environments. The aim of this work was to detect the toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure and platinum-derived drugs in an ecological setting on aquatic organism development. From 24 to 96 h post-fertilization, zebrafish embryos were treated to dosages of NaF 10 mg/L−1 + cisplatin (CDDP) 100 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L−1 + carboplatin (CARP) 25 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L−1 + CDDP 100 μM + CARP 25 μM. Fluoride exposure in combination with Cisplatin and Carboplatin (non-toxic concentration) had an effect on survival and hatching rate according to this study. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system and increased ROS in zebrafish larvae. NaF 10 mg/L−1 associated with CDDP 100 μM and CARP 25 μM, increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase 3, bax, and bcl-2) and the downregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, while no effect was seen for the single exposure.

Açai Berry Mitigates Vascular Dementia-Induced Neuropathological Alterations Modulating Nrf-2/Beclin1 Pathways

“…Extracts from cytosol and nucleus were prepared as previously described and incubated with the antibodies anti-NRF-2 (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-365949), anti-heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1; 1-500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-136960), anti-β-tubulin (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-166729), and anti-MAP2 (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-74421) in 1× PBS, 5% w / v non-fat dried milk and 0.1% Tween-20 at 4 °C overnight [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. For the cytosolic and nuclear fraction, blots were also probed with β-actin and lamin A/C protein to ensure that they were filled with equivalent amounts of proteins (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).…”

Chronic Exposure to Vinclozolin Induced Fibrosis, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Mice Kidney

“…Blots were also incubated with primary antibody against β-actin protein (1:10,000; Sigma–Aldrich Corp., A5441) or lamin (1:10,000; Sigma–Aldrich Corp., SAB4200236), used as internal standards [ 75 ]. Signals were detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (SuperSignalWest Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate, Pierce) [ 76 ]. The relative expression of the protein bands was quantified by densitometry with Bio-Rad ChemiDocTMXRS+software and standardized to β-actin levels.…”

Chronic Exposure to Endocrine Disruptor Vinclozolin Leads to Lung Damage via Nrf2–Nf-kb Pathway Alterations

“…The results are presented as CAT units/mg protein. Furthermore, the level of the nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant glutathione was measured following the method of Moron et al [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. The results are presented as GSH units/mg protein.…”