Environmental Survey of Rotavirus in Sewage Water within Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract

Backgroundand study aim: Inadequately treated water supply and unhygienic food consumption are the major sources of contracting feco-orally transmitted viral pathogens, including Rotavirus. This prospective study aimed to assess the presence of Rotavirus in sewage, underground and surface waters collected from different locations within Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods:A total of 170 sewage and water samples (underground and surface waters) were collected from various sources in high-density and lowdensity areas of the Maiduguri metropolis. A modified adsorption-elution method for concentration of enteric viruses in sewage and water samples and detection of the presence of rotavirus (if present) was done using Enzyme linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). The viruses in water were concentrated by negatively charged membrane filtration, eluted with 0.05M Glycine at pH 11.5, and reconcentrated by centrifugation at 12,000rpm for one hour.Results: Out of the 60 domestic sewage samples collected from high-density areas, 8.3% were positive for rotavirus antigen, whereas none of the samples from low-density areas were positive. In addition, rotavirus antigen was not detected in underground and surface water samples. The temperature range of the 5 rotavirus positive samples was 23-30 o C. All the 5 positive samples had alkaline pH that ranged between 8 and 9. Conclusion:This study has demonstrated the persistence of rotavirus in sewage and its possible transmission through contaminated food and poor treated water especially in unvaccinated children.

Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa

“…For example, 4%, 25%, 16.6%, 8.3% and 12.5% of water samples collected from the Rosetta branch of the Nile in 2017 and 2018 were contaminated with AiV, AstV, NoV, RV and HBoV, respectively (Shaheen et al 2018(Shaheen et al , 2019aShaheen and Elmahdy 2019), while more recently, Rizk and Allayeh, (2020) detected RVA RNA in 18.75% of Nile water samples collected in Giza. Similarly, enteric viruses have been found in major surface waters in Kenya, Chad, Nigeria and Uganda (Kiulia et al 2010(Kiulia et al , 2014Guerrero-Latorre et al 2011;Katukiza et al 2013aKatukiza et al , 2013bBaker et al 2018;Bauza et al 2019; van Zyl et al 2019;Muhammad et al 2020). For example, two separate studies detected EV and HAdV in water samples from Homa Bay, Lake Victoria (Sadik 2016;Opere 2019).…”

“…Indeed, many studies have described the detection of enteric viruses in contaminated water sources in Africa. For example, studies in Chad (Guerrero-Latorre et al 2011), Ghana (Gibson et al 2011;Lutterodt et al 2018) Kenya (Kiulia et al 2014), Nigeria (Muhammad et al 2020), South Africa (Ehlers et al 2005;Murray and Taylor 2015) and Uganda (Katukiza et al 2013a(Katukiza et al , 2013bSadik 2016) have reported the contamination of groundwater sources such as boreholes, springs and wells with enteric viruses including EV, HAdV, NoV, SaV and RV.…”

Protective effects of sodium butyrate on rotavirus inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells

“…As a major pathogenic factor, RV recently presents potential hazards to public health [ 40 , 41 ]. Enterocytes are the first block of defence against the entry of pathogens in the gut lumen.…”

Protective Effects of Sodium Butyrate on Rotavirus Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Via PERK-eIF2α Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells

“…As an important pathogenic factor, RV recently presents potential hazards to public health [33,34]. Enterocytes are the rst block of defence against the entry of pathogens and bacteria in the gut lumen.…”