Environmental surfaces and the compression of perceived visual space

Bian, Zheng; Andersen, George J.

doi:10.1167/11.7.4

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Thus, our finding of a more veridical space perception on the ground adds to those of previous studies that found the visual system has a preference to efficiently process ground over ceiling surfaces (Bian et al, 2005; 2006, 2011; Imura & Tomonaga, 2013; Kavšek & Granrud, 2013; McCarley& He, 2000; McCarley& He, 2001; Morita & Kumada, 2003). …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This is because the ground carries rich and reliable depth information, such as texture gradient cues, that often extend continuously from our feet to the far distance. The Ground Theory of Space Perception has received strong empirical support over the last decade (e.g., Aznar-Casanova et al, 2011; Bian & Andersen, 2011; Bian, Braunstein, & Andersen,2005, 2006; Feria, Braunstein, & Andersen,2003; He et al, 2004; Kavšek & Granrud, 2013; Meng & Sedgwick, 2001, 2002; Ooi & He, 2007; Ooi, Wu, & He, 2001, 2006; Ozkan & Braunstein, 2010; Philbeck & Loomis, 1997; Sinai, Ooi,& He, 1998; Wu, He, & Ooi, 2004, 2007a & b; Wu, He, & Ooi, 2005, 2008, 2013; Zhou, He, & Ooi, 2013). For example, observers can walk accurately to the location of previously viewed target in blindfold, i.e., without feedback, when the horizontal ground surface is continuous (e.g., Loomis, et al, 1992, 1996; Ooi et al, 2001; Philbeck, O’Leary, & Lew, 2004; Rieser et al, 1990; Sinai et al, 1998; Thomson, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The visible ground surface as a reference frame for scaling binocular depth of a target in midair.

Wu¹,

Shi

He³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The natural ground surface carries texture information that extends continuously from one’s feet to the horizon, providing a rich depth resource for accurately locating an object resting on it. Here, we showed that the ground surface’s role as a reference frame also aids in locating a target suspended in midair based on relative binocular disparity. Using real world setup in our experiments, we first found that a suspended target is more accurately localized when the ground surface is visible and the observer views the scene binocularly. In addition, the increased accuracy occurs only when the scene is viewed for 5 sec rather than 0.15 sec, suggesting that the binocular depth process takes time. Second, we found that manipulation of the configurations of the texture-gradient and/or linear-perspective cues on the visible ground surface affects the perceived distance of the suspended target in midair. Third, we found that a suspended target is more accurately localized against a ground texture surface than a ceiling texture surface. This suggests that our visual system usesthe ground surface as the preferred reference frame to scale the distance of a suspended target according to its relative binocular disparity.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The visible ground surface as a reference frame for scaling binocular depth of a target in midair.

Wu¹,

Shi

He³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…In fact, more accurate depth judgments have been made with floors than with ceilings. 34 This may be because ceiling heights vary by place. 35 In addition, most objects in natural scenes located within the action space are below eye level.…”

Section: Vertical Frontal Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoscopic depth perception in video see-through augmented reality within action space

Kytö

Mäkinen

Tossavainen

et al. 2014

J. Electron. Imaging

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Abstract. Depth perception is an important component of many augmented reality applications. It is, however, subject to multiple error sources. In this study, we investigated depth judgments with a stereoscopic video see-through head-mounted display for the purpose of designing depth cueing for systems that operate in an individual's action space. In the experiment, we studied the use of binocular disparity and relative size to improve relative depth judgments of augmented objects above the ground plane. The relative size cue was created by adding auxiliary augmentations to the scene according to constraints described in the section on the underlying theory. The results showed that binocular disparity and relative size improved depth judgments over the distance range. This indicates that for accurate depth judgments, additional depth cues should be used to facilitate stereoscopic perception within an individual's action space.

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“…In particular, varying the configurations of the ground surface, or the relationship between the observer and the ground surface can alter space perception (e.g., Feria, et al, 2003; He et al, 2004; Mark, 1987; Meng & Sedgwick, 2001, 2002; Ooi et al, 2007; Sinai et al, 1998; Wu et al, 2004, 2007b). Furthermore, it has been shown that our visual system is more efficient in representing the ground-like surface than the ceiling-like surface, wherein less depth foreshortening is observed on the ground-like surface (Bian & Andersen, 2011; Bian et al, 2006). No doubt, these findings provide support for J. J. Gibson's ground theory of space perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…According to the ground theory of space perception, the visual system capitalizes on the ground surface, which often extends continuously from one's feet to the far horizon, as a reference frame for space perception (Gibson, 1950, 1979; He, B. Wu, Ooi, Yarbrough, & J. Wu, 2004; Ooi & He, 2007; Sedgwick, 1986; Sinai, Ooi, & He, 1998). The ground theory of space perception has received significant support from empirical findings over the past two decades (e.g., Bian & Andersen, 2011; Bian, Braunstein, & Andersen, 2005, 2006; Feria, Braunstein, & Andersen, 2003; He et al, 2004; McCarley & He, 2000, 2001; Meng & Sedgwick, 2001, 2002; Ni, Braunstein, & Andersen, 2007; Ooi, B. Wu, & He, 2001, 2006; Ooi & He, 2007; Ozkan & Braunstein, 2010; Philbeck & Loomis, 1997; Sinai, et al, 1998; B. Wu, He, & Ooi, 2004, 2007a&b; J. Wu, He, & Ooi, 2005, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The visual system’s intrinsic bias and knowledge of size mediate perceived size and location in the dark.

Ooi

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Dimly lit targets in the dark are perceived as located about an implicit slanted surface that delineates the visual system's intrinsic bias (Ooi, Wu, & He, 2001). If the intrinsic bias reflects our internal model of visual space – as proposed here – its influence should extend beyond target localization. Our first two experiments demonstrated that the intrinsic bias also influences perceived target size. We employed a size-matching task and an action task to measure the perceived size of a dimly lit target at various locations in the dark. Then using the size distance invariance hypothesis along with the accurately perceived target angular declination, we converted the perceived sizes to locations. We found that the derived locations from the size judgment tasks can be fitted by slanted curves that resemble the intrinsic bias profile from judged target locations. Our third experiment revealed that armed with the explicit knowledge of target size, perceived target locations in the dark follow an intrinsic bias-like profile that is slightly shifted farther from the observer than the profile obtained without knowledge of target size, i.e., slightly more veridical. Altogether, we showed that the intrinsic bias serves as an internal model, or memory, of ground surface layouts when the visual system cannot rely on external depth information. This memory/model can also be weakly influenced by top-down knowledge.

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Environmental surfaces and the compression of perceived visual space

Cited by 19 publications

References 52 publications

The visible ground surface as a reference frame for scaling binocular depth of a target in midair.

The visible ground surface as a reference frame for scaling binocular depth of a target in midair.

Stereoscopic depth perception in video see-through augmented reality within action space

The visual system’s intrinsic bias and knowledge of size mediate perceived size and location in the dark.

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