Environmental stability of high-mobility indium-oxide based transparent electrodes

Tohsophon, Thanaporn; Dabirian, Ali; Wolf, Stefaan De; Morales‐Masis, Monica; Ballif, Christophe

doi:10.1063/1.4935125

Cited by 48 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Accelerated life time tests are commonly used to evaluate and estimate the degradation behavior. Damp heat tests have already shown that the electrical properties of conventional TCOs are subject to degradation .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability aspects of hydrogen‐doped indium oxide

Jost

Hamri

Köhler

et al. 2016

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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We demonstrate an alternative route to reliably prepare hydrogen‐doped indium oxide (In2O3:H). The common hydrogen source, water vapor, was substituted in our process by hydrogen and oxygen gas. The resulting films showed similar optical and electrical properties. Nevertheless, the process using gaseous hydrogen led to a simplification of the deposition process. By replacing the hydrogen source we increased the reproducibility of the electrical film properties significantly, thus, paving the way for a reliable device implementation of the material. Furthermore, we investigated the degradation behavior of In2O3:H under damp heat conditions as preliminary test for long‐term durability in photovoltaic devices. The results revealed a degradation of the electrical properties that differs in detail regarding the amorphous and polycrystalline material. In the amorphous material, the main degradation is caused by loss of charge carriers, whereas in the polycrystalline material a drop of the charge carrier mobility causes a significant rise of the resistivity. However, we show that the relative degradation of the In2O3:H films is similar to other transparent contacts that are implemented in solar cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the degradation of the charge carrier mobility in the polycrystalline In2O3:H films is completely reversible by vacuum annealing at 200 °C.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They reveal interstitial or substitutional hydrogen on an oxygen site as shallow donor. Additionally, hydrogen incorporated at grain boundaries is considered as passivation of defects to reduce the transport barrier [7,14,[18][19][20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Reliability aspects of hydrogen‐doped indium oxide

Jost

Hamri

Köhler

et al. 2016

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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“…Damp heat tests performed under standard conditions of 85% humidity at 85°C for prolonged time (1000 h) were used to demonstrate the high environmental stability of ITO and IZO electrodes. [183] IO:H and AZO, on the contrary, showed poorer electrical stability under damp heat conditions mainly due to the introduction of water at grain boundaries. [183,184] In the case of IO:H it has been recently demonstrated that damp heat degradation is strongly linked to the hydrogen content in the films.…”

Section: Stability Under Thermal and Humid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[183] IO:H and AZO, on the contrary, showed poorer electrical stability under damp heat conditions mainly due to the introduction of water at grain boundaries. [183,184] In the case of IO:H it has been recently demonstrated that damp heat degradation is strongly linked to the hydrogen content in the films. IO:H films with hydrogen content lower than 5 at.% exhibit stable electrical properties after exposure to DH conditions.…”

Section: Stability Under Thermal and Humid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[185] The application of capping layers, e.g., capping IO:H with a very thin and dense layer of ITO, improves the environmental stability of the electrodes. [183] In terms of thermal stability, full-device fabrication might require temperature steps that could modify the carrier density or microstructure in TCOs, degrading the optoelectronic properties. TCOs with good temperature stability are mainly multicompound amorphous materials, such as IZO and ZTO.…”

Section: Stability Under Thermal and Humid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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348

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With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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