Environmental Stability and Transmissibility of Enveloped Viruses at Varied Animate and Inanimate Interfaces

Abstract

Enveloped viruses have been the leading causative agents of viral epidemics in the past decade, including the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. In epidemics caused by enveloped viruses, direct contact is a common route of infection, while indirect transmissions through the environment also contribute to the spread of the disease, although their significance remains controversial. Bridging the knowledge gap regarding the influence of interfacial interactions on the persistence of enveloped viruses in the environment reveals the transmission mechanisms when the virus undergoes mutations and prevents excessive disinfection during viral epidemics. Herein, from the perspective of the driving force, partition efficiency, and viral survivability at interfaces, we summarize the viral and environmental characteristics that affect the environmental transmission of viruses. We expect to provide insights for virus detection, environmental surveillance, and disinfection to limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Influenza A Virus Infection Alters Lipid Packing and Surface Electrostatic Potential of the Host Plasma Membrane

“…Additionally, it appears that HA and NA are transported to the PM via cholesterol-/sphingomyelin-rich vesicles that might alter the composition of the target membrane [ 13 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 25 ]. Of interest, enrichment of cholesterol and saturated ordered-inducing lipids at the PM (or, specifically, at the budding site) might be important for the environmental stability of the virus and virus morphology [ 23 , 24 , 94 , 95 ].…”

Antimicrobial Face Masks and Mask Covers with a Salt-Coated Stacked Spunbond Polypropylene Fabric: Effective Inactivation of Resilient Pathogens and Prevention of Contact Transmission

“…In addition, nonenveloped viruses, lacking an external lipid envelope, exhibit greater stability compared to viruses with a lipid envelope, which are susceptible to environmental stresses like alcohol-based disinfectants, temperature, and humidity. The capsid-only structure of nonenveloped viruses contributes to better maintaining their integrity. , As such, nonenveloped viruses have been reported to maintain infectivity on surfaces for extended periods, surpassing the survivability of enveloped viruses. For instance, nonenveloped viruses, including rotaviruses and astroviruses, can remain infective for >2 months on the same surfaces, whereas enveloped viruses lose their infectivity within a few hours to several days .…”

“…For instance, nonenveloped viruses, including rotaviruses and astroviruses, can remain infective for >2 months on the same surfaces, whereas enveloped viruses lose their infectivity within a few hours to several days . Due to their inherent stability, spore-forming bacteria and nonenveloped viruses can more easily spread, potentially leading to the development of serious diseases in humans through inhalation or contact transmission of these pathogens. , …”