Environmental Quality Objectives for 10 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Kalf, Dennis F.; Crommentuijn, Trudie; Plassche, Erik J. van de

doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.1495

Cited by 311 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the results indicated that selected PAH concentrations in the soils were generally lower than those previously reported in the literature (Tang et al 2005;Dai et al 2006), while consistent with those reported by Zhang et al (2011). Except one site, BaA and BaP concentrations were found within the maximum permissible limits set for soil in the Netherlands (Kalf et al 1997). In order to identify the natural and anthropogenic origin of PAH in soil, different PAH ratios were used (Sanders et al 2002) and were found that selected PAH were of both pyrogenic and petrogenic in origin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Khan

Cao

2011

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic contaminants present in soil ecosystem globally. These pollutants are gradually accumulating in wastewater-irrigated soils and lead to the contamination of vegetables. Food chain contamination with PAH is considered as one of the major pathways for human exposure. This study was aimed to investigate the concentrations of PAH in soils and vegetables collected from wastewater-irrigated fields from metropolitan areas of Beijing, China. Origin of PAH, daily intake, and health risks of PAH through consumption of contaminated vegetables were studied. Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from the upper horizon (0-20 cm) of both wastewater-irrigated and reference sites and sieved (<2 mm mesh) and then followed by freeze-drying at −50°C and 123 ± 2 Pa. Standing vegetables were also collected from the same sites used for soil sampling and divided into roots and shoots, thoroughly washed with deionized water, and freeze-dried. PAH were extracted using the Soxhlet method with 200 mL DCM for 24 h, and the extracts were cleaned with silica adsorption chromatography prepared with silica gel, alumina, and capped with anhydrous sodium. The final concentrated extracts (soil and vegetable) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Agilent 6890). Bioaccumulation factors, daily intake of PAH, and carcinogenicity of PAH were calculated by different statistical equations. (BaP). The emission sources of PAH were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. However, the total concentrations of PAH were lower than the permissible limits set by different countries like Canada, Denmark and Germany. Highest total PAH concentration was found in the shoots of Spinacia oleracea L., while lowest in the roots of Raphanus sativus. In this study, the values of total toxic BaP equivalent (TEQ) through consumption of vegetables were found in order of S. oleracea L.>Lactuca sativa L.> Brassica oleracea L.>Brassica napus>Brassica juncea L.>R. sativus L. The data indicate that the daily intake of BaP through consumption of vegetables for adults were lower than virtually safe dose set by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PAH concentrations in soil and vegetables were lower than their respective permissible limits set by different organizations. However, the highest intake of total PAH was estimated through consumption of S. oleracea L. for both adults and children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Khan

Cao

2011

J Soils Sediments

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“…Wastewater irrigation, sludge or manure amendment of soils, and atmospheric deposition from mining and smelting have all been identified as sources of heavy metal contamination, but in other instances the origin of the contaminants is unclear (Table 3). PAHs of high molecular weight, particularly those with four or more rings, are of serious concern with respect to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (Kalf et al 1997). They are largely produced as a result of incomplete combustion (Kong et al 2010;Mastral and Callen 2000;Wang et al 2010), and various chemical diagnostic ratios have been employed successfully to confirm combustion as the source of PAHs contaminating vegetable fields (Cai et al 2007), and in some cases to pinpoint the exact source, e.g., coal or straw combustion Coal is probably the primary source of PAHs in Tianjin, but also "wastewater from a large both industrial and domestic sources and a large oil refinery".…”

Section: Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Give peas a chance? Urban agriculture in developing countries. A review

Hamilton

Burry

Mok

et al. 2013

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

163

142

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International audienceUrban agriculture is receiving increasing attention throughout the developing world, but debate rages as to whether it is a blessing or a curse. Some see it as savior for the poor, providing food, and livelihoods, yet to others it is responsible for harboring and vectoring pathogenic diseases and is an archaic practice that has no place along the path toward development. Consequently, the activity receives a mixed reception, and despite much support in many instances, it certainly does not enjoy universal unimpeded progress. Here, we undertake a global tour of urban agriculture throughout the developing world in an attempt to elucidate the various benefits, costs, and hindrances associated with the practice. Through this analysis we identify the need for better understanding of the following six aspects if urban agriculture is to make a meaningful contribution to food security and sustenance of livelihoods in the future: (1) the global and regional extent of urban agriculture; (2) the contribution of urban agriculture to communicable diseases, especially malaria but also diarrheal disease; (3) the role that urban agriculture does and/or could play in abating both malnutrition and obesity; (4) the impacts of urban agriculture on women; (5) appropriate methods of achieving governance and institutional support; and (6) the risks posed by chemical pollutants, particularly as Africa becomes increasingly industrialized. Overlaying these, we suggest that the time is ripe to extend the debate about urban agriculture’s positive and negative environmental impacts—especially in relation to carbon emissions—from primarily a developed world concern to the developing world, particularly since it is the developing world where population growth and consequent resource use is increasing most rapidly

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“…Soil PAHs are not regulated in China, and only a few soil quality guidelines, e.g., Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2008), the Netherlands maximum permissible concentrations (Kalf et al, 1997) and Danish soil quality criteria (Grøn and Andersen, 2003) are available around the world. The concentrations of individual PAH compounds in the present study were well below Environment Canada's acceptable thresholds (1320,1320,1980,4950 and 33 000 μg/g for Flo, Flu, Ace, BaA and Ant, respectively), while the maximum concentrations of Ant (415 ng/g), BaP (631 ng/g), BaA (1040 ng/g), and Phe (2350 ng/g) in the present study (Table S1) exceeded the Netherlands maximum permissible concentrations (120,260,250, and 510 ng/g).…”

Section: Ecological Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%