Environmental Pollution by Heavy Metals in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

This chapter discusses the rise in environmental pollution in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region, which was previously considered contamination free. Drivers such as industrialization, urbanization, and increased consumption due to a growing population enhance the pollution trend. Using named examples of SSA countries, the chapter reports that mining and smelting activities, unsystematic management of waste, agricultural and manufacturing sectors are the sources of heavy metal pollution in soils, air, and water in the region. Metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have been associated with these anthropic activities and in some cases found at elevated levels in different environmental compartments. With the apparent trend in pollution, SSA region should regularly review and monitor the buildup of heavy metals in the environment using appropriate legislations and policies as well as implement remediation initiatives in polluted areas to ensure sustainable development in addition to economic growth.