Environmental policy in the European Union: Fostering the development of pollution havens?

Environmental and innovation policies for the evolution of green technologies: a survey and a test

“…Although evidence on this hypothesis is still inconclusive (Brunnermeier & Levinson, 2004;Cave & Blomquist, 2008), as Cave and Blomquists's (2008) empirical analysis points out, there is evidence of a greater amount of imported energy-intensive goods by EU countries from other countries with weaker regulation in correspondence of increasing stringency of EU environmental policies.…”

Mapping international flows of electronic waste

“…Similarly, Wheeler (2001) comparing data for trends in air quality in the United States versus China, Brazil and Mexico (then the largest recipients of foreign investment in the developing world) found that air quality had actually improved from the 1980s through the mid-1990s in all four countries (see also Mani and Wheeler 1998). On the other hand, in a study of the EU, Cave and Blompist (2008) find that the pollution haven hypothesis holds for energy-intensive trade, but not for toxicintensive trade while Zhang and Fu (2008) find that Chinese provinces with stricter environmental enforcement receive lower inflows of foreign direct investment. Wagner and Timmins (2008) find strong support for the pollution haven…”

Can hazardous waste supply chain ‘hotspots’ be identified using an input–output framework?

“…A further related issue is trade in hazardous waste itself and how far industry production that creates hazardous waste is conterminous with where goods are consumed and where waste arising is managed, and with links here to the pollution haven hypothesis in response to regulatory variation (see for example Cave and Blomquist, 2008;Baggs, 2009;Fikru, 2012;and Kellenberg, 2012).…”