Environmental Performance and Corporate Disclosure

Critical accounting policy and estimate disclosures: Company response to the evolving SEC guidance

“…First, a higher quality disclosure includes more quantitative disclosures as a percentage of total disclosures. This treatment is consistent with prior studies in which quantitative disclosures are considered to provide more information than do solely narrative sentences ( Botosan, 1997;Freedman& Wasley, 1990;Hughes, Sander, & Reier, 2000;Ingram & Frazier, 1980;Thompson & Zakaria, 2004;Walden & Schwartz, 1997;Wiseman, 1982). Second, a higher quality disclosure includes more sentences specific to the guidance included in the three releases as opposed to merely general language.…”

“…In addition, data were collected and analyzed using both the number of companies that made a disclosure and the number of sentences included in the disclosure. Sentence counts were used as the basis of analysis because they are easily identified, not subject to interpretation, and frequently used in prior research (Ingram & Frazier, 1980;Hughes, Anderson, & Golden, 2001;Walden & Schwartz, 1997).…”

An Empirical Analysis on Legitimacy of Sukuk: An Insight of Malaysian Sukuk

“…According to (Williams, 1999), these previous studies theoretically did not give any detailed illustration for preferring/choosing any of them and neglecting the others. The researchers in the current paper suggest using the number of sentences method to measure sukuk legitimacy disclosure for four reasons: Firstly, to ensure increasing the validity of content analysis (Milne & Adler, 1999); secondly, as used by Ingram, & Frazier (1980), they selected sentences as the unit of analysis, reporting that "a sentence is easily identified, is less subject to inter judge variations than phrases, classes and themes, and has been evaluated as an appropriate unit in previous research"; and thirdly, as shown by (Hughes & Anderson, 1995), sentences are more accepted than individual words. Nonetheless, as argued by Milne and Adler (1999), the single word itself is neglected to be as "words" because it doesn't express a certain meaning, without being completed with other words; fourthly, comparing a sentence to words and pages, a sentence could be as a very applicable unit of writing and speech (Walden & Schwartz, 1997;Hackston & Milne, 1996).…”

Environmental reporting on the internet by America's Toxic 100: Legitimacy and self-presentation

“…Prior research indicates consistency, reliability and validity issues in the measurement of social and environmental disclosures (see, e.g., Milne and Adler, 1999;Unerman, 2000) and environmental performance (see, e.g., Ingram and Frazier, 1980;Hughes et al, 2001;Patten, 2002a). While we do not claim to overcome those issues in the present study, we introduce new variable measurements and empirically test them here.…”