Environmental Occurrence, Abundance, and Potential Toxicity of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners: Considerations for a Congener-Specific Analysis

McFarland, Victor; Clarke, Joan U.

doi:10.2307/3430833

Cited by 113 publications

(129 citation statements)

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“…PCBs have previously been classified into group depending on their degree of chlorination 5 or their biological properties. 4,6 It is evident from the dendrogram in Figure 1 (top), however, that the unifying theme within the two clusters is the degree of chlorination so our results tend to agree more with the grouping into three categories based on the level of chlorination proposed by Moysich et al 5 There are PCBs with six chlorine atoms in both clusters so the degree of chlorination is not alone responsible for our findings. PCBs 156 and 157 have six chlorine atoms but are co-planar as opposed to PCBs 153 and 138 so the structure may also have a part for PCBs with six chlorine atoms.…”

Section: Popssupporting

confidence: 63%

An investigation of the co-variation in circulating levels of a large number of environmental contaminants

Lampa

Lind

Bornefalk-Hermansson

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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We are daily exposed to many different environmental contaminants. Mixtures of these contaminants could act together to induce more pronounced effects than the sum of the individual contaminants. To evaluate the effects of such mixtures, it is of importance to assess the co-variance amongst the contaminants. Thirty-seven environmental contaminants representing different classes were measured in blood samples from 1016 individuals aged 70 years. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess the co-variation among the contaminants. Within each identified cluster, possible marker contaminants were sought for. We validated our findings using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003--2004 study. Two large clusters could be identified, one representing low/medium chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (r6 chlorine atoms), as well as two pesticides and one representing medium/high chlorinated PCBs (Z6 chlorine atoms). PCBs 118 and 153 could be used as markers for the low/medium chlorinated cluster and PCBs 170 and 209 could be used as markers for the medium/high chlorinated cluster. This pattern was similar to data from the NHANES study. Apart from the PCBs, little co-variation was seen among the contaminants. Thus, a large number of chemicals have to be measured to adequately identify mixtures of environmental contaminants.

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Section: Popssupporting

confidence: 63%

An investigation of the co-variation in circulating levels of a large number of environmental contaminants

Lampa

Lind

Bornefalk-Hermansson

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…A number of carcinogenic mechanisms [127], including formation of reactive oxygen species [69,145,157], endocrine disruption [80,180,204], and immune compromise [50,147,162,173,174,209,219], are known to be activated by PCBs. The evidence that PCBs can cause immune suppression is of particular interest because melanoma risk is known to increase between threefold and fourfold in individuals who are immunosuppressed due to agents given for organ transplantation [104,117,138].…”

Section: Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Berwick

Buller

Cust

et al. 2015

Cancer Treatment and Research

122

121

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The epidemiology of melanoma is complex, and individual risk depends on sun exposure, host factors, and genetic factors, and in their interactions as well. Sun exposure can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or cumulative (overall) exposure, and each appears to have a different effect on type of melanoma. Other environmental factors, such as chemical exposures-either through occupation, atmosphere, or food-may increase risk for melanoma, and this area warrants further study. Host factors that are well known to be important are the numbers and types of nevi and the skin phenotype. Genetic factors are classified as

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“…There are 209 potential PCB congeners, of which 36 congeners are considered to be environmentally threatening due to environmental prevalence, bioaccumulation in animal tissues and known toxic effects (McFarland and Clarke, 1989). These congeners can be divided into non-ortho PCBs that have a coplanar configuration, and ortho-substituted PCBs with a non-coplanar configuration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are direct agonists for the human pregnane-X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, and activate target gene expression in a tissue-specific manner

Al-Salman

Plant

2012

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Environmental Occurrence, Abundance, and Potential Toxicity of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners: Considerations for a Congener-Specific Analysis

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

An investigation of the co-variation in circulating levels of a large number of environmental contaminants

An investigation of the co-variation in circulating levels of a large number of environmental contaminants

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are direct agonists for the human pregnane-X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, and activate target gene expression in a tissue-specific manner

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