Environmental Movements in Turkey from the Perspective of Commons

Abstract

Enclosure movements on the commons continue without slowing down especially in the developing countries; as well as the grassroots movements against them. Enclosure movements frequently contain several foreign investments and appropriations to other uses on natural resources and/or assets such as pastures, forests, rivers, agricultural lands and seashores, which are crucial income sources for rural households. Among other factors, the shortcomings in the common management processes, cooperatives and self-organization capacity of the stakeholders ease the enclosure process. The study investigates the environmental movements as commoning practices in Turkey in the last decade through media analysis and surveys. The study aims to constitute a scientific basis to enhance the EIA processes in order to encourage proactive responses to environmental crises, prevent enclosure movements on the commons and maintain the local sustainable development. Hence, firstly the environmental movements in Turkey are spatialized by GIS analyst tools to constitute an environmental inventory including time, types, frequency and location of the movements; secondly, an online survey is conducted with the environmental NGOs; thirdly, two possible scenarios are suggested through a triple-scale scoring system; and finally, several recommendations are proposed in order to sustain the commons.

Sustainable Husbandry?—A Comparative LCA of Three Lamb Breeding Systems in Turkey

“…The commons also refer the social relations based on common production, reciprocity, and cooperation, woven around the commonwealth. They may refer to the resources/assets to be exploited, a group of people (a community) who are united for their interests and/or a solidarity-based life outside of the capitalist system [ 23 – 25 ].…”