Environmental mercury contamination around a chlor-alkali plant

Lodenius, Martin; Tulisalo, Esa

doi:10.1007/bf01607520

Cited by 49 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Direct anthropogenic Hg input and atmospheric Hg deposition explain the enhanced re-emission. Natural surfaces near the anthropogenic point sources (e.g., power plant, Pb-Zn smelter, chlor-alkali plant) generally showed higher soil Hg content due to atmospheric Hg deposition (Lodenius and Tulisalo, 1984;Li et al, 2011;Zheng et al, 2011;Guédron et al, 2013). A fraction of these deposited Hg can be swiftly re-emitted back to the atmosphere (Fu et al, 2012a;Eckley et al, 2015).…”

Section: Areas Impacted By Human Activities Exhibit Elevated Hg 0 Re-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Reliable quantification of air-surface fluxes of elemental Hg vapor (Hg 0 ) is crucial for understanding mercury (Hg) global biogeochemical cycles. There have been extensive measurements and modeling efforts devoted to estimating the exchange fluxes between the atmosphere and various surfaces (e.g., soil, canopies, water, snow, etc.) in the past three decades. However, large uncertainties remain due to the complexity of Hg 0 bidirectional exchange, limitations of flux quantification techniques and challenges in model parameterization. In this study, we provide a critical review on the state of science in the atmosphere-surface exchange of Hg 0 . Specifically, the advancement of flux quantification techniques, mechanisms in driving the air-surface Hg exchange and modeling efforts are presented. Due to the semi-volatile nature of Hg 0 and redox transformation of Hg in environmental media, Hg deposition and evasion are influenced by multiple environmental variables including seasonality, vegetative coverage and its life cycle, temperature, light, moisture, atmospheric turbulence and the presence of reactants (e.g., O 3 , radicals, etc.). However, the effects of these processes on flux have not been fundamentally and quantitatively determined, which limits the accuracy of flux modeling.We compile an up-to-date global observational flux database and discuss the implication of flux data on the global Hg budget. Mean Hg 0 fluxes obtained by micrometeorological measurements do not appear to be significantly greater than the fluxes measured by dynamic flux chamber methods over unpolluted surfaces (p = 0.16, one-tailed, Mann-Whitney U test). The spatiotemporal coverage of existing Hg 0 flux measurements is highly heterogeneous with large data gaps existing in multiple continents (Africa, South Asia, Middle East, South America and Australia). The magnitude of the evasion flux is strongly enhanced by human activities, particularly at contaminated sites. Hg 0 flux observations in East Asia are comparatively larger in magnitude than the rest of the world, suggesting substantial re-emission of previously deposited mercury from anthropogenic sources. The Hg 0 exchange over pristine surfaces (e.g., background soil and water) and vegetation needs better constraints for global analyses of the atmospheric Hg budget. The existing knowledge gap and the associated research needs for future measurements and modeling efforts for the air-surface exchange of Hg 0 are discussed.

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Section: Areas Impacted By Human Activities Exhibit Elevated Hg 0 Re-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review

et al. 2016

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“…This exposure gives a concentration of 0.5-1 mg g dry wt. (dw) in the moss-a level y1 that can be found in polluted environments (Lodenius and Tulisalo, 1984). After exposure homogeneity of the moss material was achieved by thorough mixing.…”

Section: Moss Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exchange of mercury between atmosphere and vegetation under contaminated conditions

Lodenius

Tulisalo

Soltanpour-Gargari

2003

Science of The Total Environment

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Adsorption and desorption of mercury was studied under laboratory conditions using moss (Sphagnum girgensohnii) and Rye grass (Lolium perenne) at different temperatures. Desorption was also studied in a transplantation experiment. The adsorption was rapid and strong for both plant species at different temperatures (q10 to q60 8C) and exposure times (1 h, 1 month) while the evaporation was negligible. Also the leaching of adsorbed mercury was of minor importance. The results emphasise the importance of vegetation in removal of mercury from the atmosphere. They also confirm the suitability of moss and grass for biomonitoring purposes. The high retention of mercury in moss even at q60 8C indicates the possibility of using higher temperatures in pretreatment of samples for mercury analyses. ᮊ

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“…The treatment with EDTA, a well-known chelating agent, useful to decrease metal concentrations in field mosses and to increase their cation exchange capability before the exposure (e.g. Lodenius and Tulisalo, 1984;Ferreira et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2015;Iodice et al, 2016), had no evident effect on the clone elemental composition, likely in virtue of the already very low element concentrations in the biomaterial. On the other hand, the EDTA washing added Na and induced morphological damages to the moss clone, making its shoots and leaves very fragile (see SEM micrographs in Fig.…”

Section: Fs-umentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Devitalization by oven drying prevents moss deterioration and enables the efficiency of contaminant capture to remain constant, as capture is mainly due to passive uptake processes that are independent of the vitality of the moss Giordano et al, 2009;Fernández et al, 2010). The use of chelating agents such as EDTA enhances the release of metals bound to cation exchange sites (Lodenius and Tulisalo, 1984). EDTA washing in moss transplants decreases element content in pre-exposure biomaterial, making it more sensitive to environmental pollution inputs (Iodice et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and chemical characterization of a Sphagnum palustre clone: Key steps towards a standardized and sustainable moss bag technique

Palma

Pardo

Spagnuolo

et al. 2016

Ecological Indicators

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a b s t r a c tThis work aimed to define the molecular and chemical signature of a S. palustre clone developed in the framework of the EU-FP7 Mossclone project to improve the standardization and reliability of the mossbag technique. The molecular characterization was performed by a set of DNA molecular markers (RAPD, ISJ, PCR-RFLP, sequencing and microsatellites) to tag the clone produced within the project. Molecular characterization also provided new DNA markers that can be applied in systematic analyses of Sphagnum, and gave new insights to implement well established techniques. The elemental composition of the clone was measured by ICP-MS analysis of 54 major and trace elements, with and without commonly applied pre-exposure treatments (oven devitalization and EDTA washing). Concentrations of almost all analyzed elements were significantly lower (from 10 to 100 times) in the clone than in conspecific field moss, apart from some elements (K, Mo, P and Na) deriving from the culture medium or EDTA treatment. Oven devitalization and EDTA washing did not significantly affect the clone composition. A comparison between the elemental composition of the clone with that of naturally growing Sphagnum species proved the particularly low elemental content of the clone. Therefore, in view of a rigorously standardized moss-bag protocol for the monitoring of persistent atmospheric pollutants, the use of the S. palustre clone, a biomaterial with very low and constant element composition, and homogenous morphological characteristics is strongly recommended.

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Environmental mercury contamination around a chlor-alkali plant

Cited by 49 publications

References 7 publications

Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review

Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review

Exchange of mercury between atmosphere and vegetation under contaminated conditions

Molecular and chemical characterization of a Sphagnum palustre clone: Key steps towards a standardized and sustainable moss bag technique

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