Environmental Lighting

Baines, Frances M.; Cusack, Lara M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00017-9

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This UVB-LED lamp has the third highest effective irradiance for actinic action. The spectrum is similar to the spectrum of the type of phosphors used in lamps that were associated with cases of PKC around 2007 (Baines, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Research Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the UVB‐LED lamps emit UVB wavelengths not found in natural sunlight (below 290–295 nm, here referred to as “non‐terrestrial UVB”) and some emit UVC (below 280 nm). Lamps emitting these wavelengths are likely to result in health issues by causing acute damage to eyes and skin (Baines, 2010; Gardiner et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corneal surface may be completely destroyed. This acute condition can occur within 12 h of exposure and is apparently extremely painful (Baines, 2010). The equivalent condition in humans is known as “snow blindness” or “welders’ flash.” In reptiles, the first clinical sign is photophobia; species possessing eyelids will refuse to open the eyes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These short wavelengths are not present in natural sunlight, which has a threshold wavelength around 295–300 nm. In a study of 137 affected reptiles, a 10% death rate was reported (Baines, 2010; Gardiner et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UVB‐emitting LEDs for reptile lighting: Identifying the risks of nonsolar UV spectra

Wunderlich,

Griffiths,

Baines

2023

Zoo Biology

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UVB lamps are used to provide reptiles housed indoors with the UV radiation necessary to synthesize vitamin D3 in their skin. Since 2019, UVB‐LED lamps have been on sale for use in reptile husbandry. We performed spectral analysis and mapped the UV irradiance for 18 of these lamps. The positive benefits of UVB‐LED lamps over traditional products include greater energy efficiency, freedom from mercury and easy installation without external ballasts. However, the spectra of all the UVB‐LED lamps tested had little similarity to the solar UV spectrum. Some lamps emitted short‐wavelength, non‐terrestrial, radiation known to cause acute photo‐kerato‐conjunctivitis; we report one case. All lamps were lacking significant output in the range 315–335 nm, essential for natural self‐regulation of cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis, preventing overproduction. We describe a possible risk of serious hypervitaminosis D based on our spectral analysis. We call for long‐term animal studies to assess this risk, in which the reptiles under these lamps are exposed to species‐appropriate UV index levels according to their Ferguson Zone allocation and serum levels of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 monitored. Spectral modifications of the lamps to make the spectrum more like sunlight may be an essential way of mitigating this risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Research Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%