Environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) of lubricants

Bart, J. C. J.; Gucciardi, Emanuele; Cavallaro, S.

doi:10.1533/9780857096326.527

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The main objective was to reduce the energy cost and machining cost, which is the ultimate objective of sustainable machining. It was concluded that at a higher feed rate and cutting speed with a lower depth of cut, the energy consumption was reduced by 33.46% with a 17.81% reduction in machining cost [ 128 ]. Dry cutting is more useful in the context of the environment as there is no need to dispose of the water and metalworking cutting fluids.…”

Section: Sustainable Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressing towards Sustainable Machining of Steels: A Detailed Review

et al. 2021

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Machining operations are very common for the production of auto parts, i.e., connecting rods, crankshafts, etc. In machining, the use of cutting oil is very necessary, but it leads to higher machining costs and environmental problems. About 17% of the cost of any product is associated with cutting fluid, and about 80% of skin diseases are due to mist and fumes generated by cutting oils. Environmental legislation and operators’ safety demand the minimal use of cutting fluid and proper disposal of used cutting oil. The disposal cost is huge, about two times higher than the machining cost. To improve occupational health and safety and the reduction of product costs, companies are moving towards sustainable manufacturing. Therefore, this review article emphasizes the sustainable machining aspects of steel by employing techniques that require the minimal use of cutting oils, i.e., minimum quantity lubrication, and other efficient techniques like cryogenic cooling, dry cutting, solid lubricants, air/vapor/gas cooling, and cryogenic treatment. Cryogenic treatment on tools and the use of vegetable oils or biodegradable oils instead of mineral oils are used as primary techniques to enhance the overall part quality, which leads to longer tool life with no negative impacts on the environment. To further help the manufacturing community in progressing towards industry 4.0 and obtaining net-zero emissions, in this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the recent, state of the art sustainable techniques used for machining steel materials/components by which the industry can massively improve their product quality and production.

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Section: Sustainable Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressing towards Sustainable Machining of Steels: A Detailed Review

et al. 2021

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“…Lubricants have vast applications in different segments such as automotive, marine, construction, metalworking, grease, oilfields and others (such as hydraulic fluids, transmission fluids, mold release agents, etc.). According to their lifecycle assessment, lubricants have a strong environmental impact, from the process of feedstock extraction to their final disposal or reuse 1 . Out of the conventional petroleum‐based lubricants, mineral oil lubricants are hazardous owing to their partial biodegradability and their release into water bodies during use, spills and disposal 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of environment‐friendly, sustainable, and nontoxic bio‐lubricants: A critical review of advances and a path forward

Sancheti

Yadav

2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Carbon neutral biosources are sought for the protection of the environment and to meet the energy needs of the growing population. For instance, lubricants are required in huge quantities. Synthesis of environment-friendly, sustainable and non-toxic bio-lubricants from renewable and bio-degradable feedstocks such as vegetable oils and animal fats will be most desirable. The thermal stability and lower volatility of these triglycerides make them suitable as precursors for lubricants. This review briefly covers the chemical modifications required to transform plant-and animal-based triglycerides into efficient biolubricants. Chemical modifications are required to improve one or more physicochemical or tribological properties of bio-lubricants such as low-temperature flow properties or the oxidation stability of fatty acids/oils for different applications. The use of heterogeneous catalysts makes the processes clean. The relationship between their molecular structures, physicochemical properties and lubrication performance is reviewed. Additives such as antioxidants, sulfides, phosphates, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, and ionic liquids are used to enhance the lubricant properties. With proper modifications in a base oil, support and additives, bio-lubricants can perform similar to or even better than conventional lubricants. A further advantage is that they can be easily adapted using existing infrastructure and lubricant formulations.

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“…Environmental deterioration is not only severely affecting flora and fauna, but it can also affect human beings adversely; therefore, an environmental sustainability assessment of the marble tile production chain is imperative to assess and monitor the pollution level in the air, soil, and water from the marble tile production chain [6]; thus, to calculate its environmental impacts, water footprints, and cumulative energy demand, life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied, which is a recognized tool globally to assess the environmental sustainability of a product or process [21][22][23][24]. LCA estimates and assesses top-ten USA EPA most wanted environmental impacts such as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, abiotic depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity, ozone layer depletion, and photochemical oxidation of a product across its life cycle stages [23][24][25][26]. While assessing the environmental impacts of a production line, LCA plays an important role in environmental policy and is also helpful in enhancing product efficiency and cost reduction [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental, Energy, and Water Footprints of Marble Tile Production Chain in a Life Cycle Perspective

et al. 2022

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The marble industry is growing in Pakistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is the largest producer of marble tiles in Pakistan. Marble production consumes a considerable amount of water during its life cycle stages and impacts various environmental compartments, such as air, water, and soil; therefore, this study aimed to quantify the environmental impacts, water footprint, and cumulative energy demand of one-tonne marble tile manufactured in a small industrial estate Mardan (SIEM), Pakistan, and provide recommendations to improve its environmental impact profile. The study covers water consumption, energy use, and associated environmental impacts of raw materials and processes through different stages of the marble life-cycle during 2017–2018. The cradle-to-gate (extraction to factory gate or store house) life cycle assessment approach was followed in this study. The functional unit for the current study was one tonne of finished marble tile produced. Primary data from the field surveys and secondary data were modeled using the water scarcity index (WSI), CML 2000 v.2.05 methodology, and the cumulative energy demand indicator present by default in SimaPro v.8.3 software. The total water footprint required for one tonne of finished marble tile was 3.62 cubic meters per tonne (m3/t), with electricity consumed at processing units contributing to environmental burdens the most. Similarly, electricity consumed (at processing units and during polishing) and transportation of finished marble tile to the local market were responsible for global warming potential (388 kg CO2 eq/tonne tile), human toxicity (84.34 kg 1,4-DB-eq/tonne), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (94.97kg 1,4-DB eq/tonne) and abiotic depletion (7.1 × 10−5 kg Sb eq/tonne). The results of our study follow other marble tile LCA studies conducted globally (such as in Turkey and Italy), which also reported a high contribution to GWP, AP, EP, and HT due to electricity and fossil fuels consumption. The total cumulative energy demand (CED) was calculated as 5863.40 MJ (Mega Joule), with most energy usage associated with non-renewable fossil fuel sources. The results indicated that reducing electricity (using standard automatic machinery) and waste materials, especially paper and plastic wastes, can reduce environmental impacts. Most of the surveyed industrial units did not have wastewater treatment and recycling plants, and wastewater directly flows to nearby freshwater bodies and terrestrial ecosystems. These wastewaters should be adequately treated before being discharged into freshwater aquatic bodies. Environmental impacts must be improved by using the latest automatic machinery, reducing waste materials generation, reducing the distance between processing units and the market, and installing wastewater recycling plants.

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Environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) of lubricants

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Progressing towards Sustainable Machining of Steels: A Detailed Review

Progressing towards Sustainable Machining of Steels: A Detailed Review

Synthesis of environment‐friendly, sustainable, and nontoxic bio‐lubricants: A critical review of advances and a path forward

Environmental, Energy, and Water Footprints of Marble Tile Production Chain in a Life Cycle Perspective

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