Environmental Justice and the Allocation Of Risk: The Case of Lead and Public Health

Kraft, Michaël E.; Scheberle, Denise

doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00511.x

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Unfortunately, actual scientific information on the exposures and public health impacts of air pollution among children at school is generally sparse, and few researchers have focused on environmental inequalities among children (Friedrich, 2000;Kraft and Scheberle, 1995;Stephens, 1996). Moreover, the theoretical frameworks used to approach the problem are generally quite sparse, consisting of specifications of functional relationships between variables that are poorly placed in a broader model of how socioeconomic and institutional forces create a range of environmental health risks to diverse communities, which in turn determine inequalities in community susceptibility to environmental hazards Pulido et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reading, Writing, and Toxics: Children's Health, Academic Performance, and Environmental Justice in Los Angeles

Pastor

Sadd

Morello‐Frosch

2004

Environ Plann C Gov Policy

102

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A significant body of previous research on environmental justice has demonstrated a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards on low-income and minority residents. In this paper we evaluate spatially indexed data on estimated respiratory and cancer risks associated with exposures to ambient air toxics to show that children of color in the Los Angeles Unified School District suffer potentially disparate health impacts, and that disparities in environmental risks may be associated with diminished school performanceöeven after controlling for socioeconomic and demographic covariates that generally explain much of the variation in student scores. Remediating environmental health risks in distressed neighborhoods could, therefore, improve both health and human capital.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reading, Writing, and Toxics: Children's Health, Academic Performance, and Environmental Justice in Los Angeles

Pastor

Sadd

Morello‐Frosch

2004

Environ Plann C Gov Policy

102

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“…Low-level lead exposure in childhood may cause reductions in intellectual capacity and attention span, reading and learning disabilities, hyperactivity, impaired growth, or hearing loss (Kraft et al. [14]. Also in 1991, the State of Texas found hazardous waste violations at the smelter.…”

Section: Background and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous waste sites and housing appreciation rates

McCluskey

Rausser

2003

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

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The dynamic effect of a hazardous waste site is analyzed by investigating the causal relationship between housing appreciation rates and house location in relation to a hazardous waste site using resale data from individual sales transactions in Dallas County, Texas. The results indicate that in the period in which the hazardous waste site was identified and cleanup occurred, residential property owners in close proximity to the hazardous waste site experienced lower housing appreciation rates. In the first postcleanup period, they gained some of the lost ground with a higher appreciation rate. In a subsequent post-cleanup period, their appreciation fell in line with property owners whose properties are located farther away from the hazardous waste site. This suggests that a long-run equilibrium has been reached since appreciation rates were not significantly different across the Dallas housing market in the second post-cleanup period. Although the results indicate that adjustment takes time, an equilibrium is eventually reached for the houses in this repeat sales data set. An important implication of our analysis is that since the post-cleanup recovery was not immediate, property owners should be compensated for their loss of liquidity.Key words: housing appreciation rates, hazardous waste sites.The public's increasing awareness of environmental risks is reflected in the negative impact of environmental contamination on property values in the real estate market.Although the effects of environmental contamination on property values have been studied, the current body of literature on the effects of locally undesirable land uses does not address the adjustment of property values to the discovery and cleanup of environmental contamination. Kiel et al. [9] come the closest to analyzing this issue.They examine the effect of an incinerator siting on housing appreciation rates. However, their study is limited to siting and operation and does not consider any time period after the incinerator has been shut down or removed. In contrast, this paper examines the impact of environmental contamination and cleanup on residential property value appreciation rates by analyzing data from before identification of the hazardous waste site and before, during, and after cleanup has been completed. Consequently, it is possible to empirically investigate the longer-run market adjustment.Stigma is a negative attribute of real estate acquired by the discovery of contamination and reflected in price Elliot-Jones [4].· Using a theoretical model with external economies and adjustment costs, McCluskey [16] shows that both temporary stigma and permanent stigma are possible equilibrium outcomes after discovery and cleanup of a hazardous waste site. If the price adjustment after the cleanup of a hazardous waste site is gradual, as opposed to immediate and permanent, then the cost to the residential property owner cannot be measured immediately after cleanup. 2The duration of stigma has significant legal ramifications. When the cour...

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“…Low-level lead exposure in childhood may cause reductions in intellectual capacity and attention span, reading and learning disabilities, hyperactivity, impaired growth, or hearing loss (Kraft and Scheberle 1995). Also in 1991, the state of Texas found hazardous waste violations at the smelter.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%