Environmental Iodine Deficiency: A Challenge to the Evolution of Terrestrial Life?

Venturi, S.; Donati, Francesco M.; Venturi, Alessandro; Venturi, Michela

doi:10.1089/10507250050137851

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although only vertebrates have the thyroid gland and the iodinated hormones, iodine is believed by some to be essential for all life (1). In humans, ∼60-80% of the total iodine is extrathyroidal (2); their complete role is unknown. When oxygen first appeared in the terrestrial atmosphere, iodinated compounds may have played a central role to scavenge and thus detoxify reactive oxygen species (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Dasgupta,

Liu,

Dyke

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

108

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Adequacy of iodine nutrition in the United States has lately been of concern. A major source of dietary iodine for the U.S. population is iodized salt. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends 60-100 mg KI/kg salt, equivalent to 46-76 mg I/kg salt. All U.S. iodized salt contains 45 mg I/kg according to labels. We collected samples of table salt from freshly opened containers from U.S. volunteers. A sample was sent to us when the can was first purchased. Subsets of volunteers sent further samples when the salt container became halfempty through normal use and a further final sample when the container was nearly finished. We also looked at iodine distribution homogeneity within individual containers, loss of iodine from salt upon exposure to humidity and sunlight, and upon short-term heating (dry and in solution) as may be encountered in cooking. Measurements were made in 0.01% w/v salt solutions by induction coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with 72 Ge as an internal standard. The median and mean ((sd) I content in freshly opened top-of-the-can salt samples was 44.1 and 47.5 ( 18.5 mg/kg (n ) 88, range 12.7-129 mg I/kg) and geometric mean and standard deviation of 44.70 and 1.41. Fortyseven of 88 samples fell below the USFDA recommended I content while 6 exceeded it. The homogeneity in a single can of salt varied greatly: in 5 samples taken from the same container from different depths, the iodine content varied by as little as 1.2× (8.3% coefficient of variance (CV)) to as much as 3.3× (49.3% CV) from one container/brand to another. Iodine is significantly lost upon high humidity storage but light or dry heat has little effect. There is much recent literature on iodine sufficiency and uptake inhibitors; there is also much misinformation and disinformation. We review the relevant literature and discuss our results with reference to the United States.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Dasgupta,

Liu,

Dyke

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

108

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“…However, most of the original organic-bound iodine is lost through diagenetic carbon remineralization (Kennedy and Elderfield, 1987). The reason for such high concentrations in marine algae is still unclear, but at least one primary role is as an antioxidant (Küpper et al, 1988;Venturi et al, 2000). It has been shown that brown algae assimilate iodine as iodide, which is excreted to react with ozone and other reactive oxygen species, providing protection against oxidative stress (Küpper et al, 1988).…”

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution

Robbins

Lalonde

Planavsky

et al. 2016

Earth-Science Reviews

144

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Life requires a wide variety of bioessential trace elements to act as structural components and reactive centers in metalloenzymes. These requirements differ between organisms and have evolved over geological time, likely guided in some part by environmental conditions. Until recently, most of what was understood regarding trace element concentrations in the Precambrian oceans was inferred by extrapolation, geochemical modeling, and/or genomic studies. However, in the past decade, the increasing availability of trace element and isotopic data for sedimentary rocks of all ages have yielded new, and potentially more direct, insights into secular changes in seawater composition -and ultimately the evolution of the marine biosphere. Compiled records of many bioessential trace elements (including Ni, Mo, P, Zn, Co, Cr, Se, and I) provide new insight into how trace element abundance in Earth's ancient oceans may have been linked to biological evolution. Several of these trace elements display redox-sensitive behavior, while others are redox-sensitive but not bioessential (e.g., Cr, U). Their temporal trends in sedimentary archives provide useful constraints on changes in atmosphere-ocean redox conditions that are linked to biological evolution, for example, the activity of oxygen-producing, photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In this review, we summarize available Precambrian trace element proxy data, and discuss how temporal trends in the seawater concentrations of specific trace elements may be linked to the evolution of both simple and complex life. We also examine several biologically relevant and/or redox-sensitive trace elements that have yet to be fully examined in the A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT3 sedimentary rock record (e.g., Cu, Cd, W) and suggest several directions for future studies.

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“…In developing countries, about 38 million children are born at risk of iodine-associated mental retardation every year [5]. Deficiencies in iodine and iron (i.e., anemia) during infancy have been linked to a range of suboptimal developmental outcomes, including: abnormal neuronal development [6]disruptions in regulatory processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle [7]sub-optimal performance in global measurements of cognition, motor skills, and social-emotional behavior [8–12]mental retardation and cognitive deficits associated with reductions in learning capacity and productivity [6] …”

Section: Essential Nutrients and Risk Of Deficienciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…sub-optimal performance in global measurements of cognition, motor skills, and social-emotional behavior [8–12]…”

Section: Essential Nutrients and Risk Of Deficienciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Nutrient Deficits in Adverse Neurodevelopment and Childhood Behaviors

Gow

Hibbeln

2014

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

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Synopsis Nutritional insufficiencies of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) may have adverse effects on brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A recent meta-analysis of ten randomized controlled trials of omega-3 HUFAs reported a small to modest effect size for the efficacy of omega-3 for treating symptoms of ADHD in youth. Several controlled trials of omega-3 HUFAs combined with micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) show sizeable reductions in aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior in youth and in young adult prisoners. Meta-analyses report efficacy for depressive symptoms in adults, and preliminary findings suggest anti-suicidal properties in adults, but studies in youth are insufficient to draw any conclusions regarding mood. Dietary adjustments to increase omega-3 and reduce omega-6 HUFA consumption are sensible recommendations for youth and adults based on general health considerations, while the evidence base for omega-3 HUFAs as potential psychiatric treatments develops.

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Environmental Iodine Deficiency: A Challenge to the Evolution of Terrestrial Life?

Cited by 55 publications

References 20 publications

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution

Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Nutrient Deficits in Adverse Neurodevelopment and Childhood Behaviors

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