Environmental incentives of entrepreneurship: Fuzzy clustering approach to OECD countries

Abstract

The rate of nascent entrepreneurship is crucial for economies of countries in order to identify economic well-being and promote dynamics for new business startups. Supportive governmental programs, proper entrepreneurship education and predisposition of cultural and social norms are encouraging factors that assist new businesses and develop entrepreneurial and innovative structures in economies. This research classifies countries and examines the clusters according to their governmental supportive programs, educational incentives, cultural and social norms on entrepreneurship and the rate of new entries into self-employment in the country. For the analyses, fuzzy clustering method is applied on the entrepreneurship key indicators data, obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study. Although our analyses do not allow the identification of causal relationships, they provide useful comparisons among the countries and suggest incentive mechanisms for policy makers according to their clusters. Given the importance of entrepreneurship and new business ventures, the findings of this study form an important base for further empirical studies, in addition to its practical value on public, educational and social point of views in entrepreneurship.

Refining national culture and entrepreneurship: the role of subcultural variation

“…In TPB, a subjective norm is "the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior" in question (Ajzen, 1991: 188), where social pressure is understood to be a manifestation of culture. On this basis, some researchers are now investigating both the embodiment of cultural factors in the subjective norm construct of the model, and the potential moderating effects of cultural factors on various linkages within the model (e.g., Barazandeh, Parvizian, Alizadeh, & Khosravi, 2015;Grunhagen & Volkmann, 2014;Semerci & Cimen, 2017;Zhang, Wang, & Owen, 2015). Following the work of Liñán and Chen (2009) on the potential moderation role of culture, Siu and Lo (2013) have argued that the degree of individualism or collectivism in the national culture (as conceived by Hofstede) would manifest as a construal of self that would moderate the relationships from personal attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy to the resulting entrepreneurial intent.…”