Environmental Impacts of Classical Biological Control

Howarth, Francis G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.002413

Cited by 675 publications

(243 citation statements)

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“…Indirect effects essentially are unavoidable in multispecies communities (Holt and Hochberg 2001). Because of documented direct and indirect (including cascading) effects on nontarget organisms, a cautious approach to biocontrol is warranted (Howarth 1991, Follett and Duan 2000, Wajnberg et al 2001. Classical biological control is a complex discipline that evokes controversy (Osborne and Cuda 2003).…”

Section: Detrimentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adventive (Non‐Native) Insects: Importance to Science and Society

Wheeler

Hoebeke

2009

Insect Biodiversity

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Section: Detrimentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adventive (Non‐Native) Insects: Importance to Science and Society

Wheeler

Hoebeke

2009

Insect Biodiversity

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“…perfectus were collected, together representing less than 1% of all parasitoids obtained during our surveys. Concerns regarding nontarget effects in arthropod biological control are well documented (Howarth 1991;Simberloff and Stiling 1996;Thomas and Willis 1998;Stiling and Simberloff 2000;Louda et al 2003;Stiling 2004). Consequently, new methods to assess the risks associated with the introduction of non-native species for biological control of arthropods have been proposed (Babendreier et al 2005;Simberloff 2005;Wright et al 2005;Kuhlmann et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval phenologies and parasitoids of two seed-feeding weevils associated with hoary cress and shepherd's purse (Brassicaceae) in Europe

et al. 2011

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Abstract-In Europe, Ceutorhynchus turbatus Schultze and Ceutorhynchus typhae (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feed on seeds from hoary cress and shepherd's purse (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.); both plants are invasive in North America. In North America, C. turbatus is a candidate for biological control of hoary cress, C. typhae is adventive, and both are sympatric with cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)), an invasive alien pest of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L., Brassicaceae). We investigated host associations among C. turbatus, C. typhae, and their parasitoids in Europe. Of particular interest was host specificity of Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) and Mesopolobus morys (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), candidates for biological control of C. obstrictus in North America. We found no evidence that T. perfectus attacks C. turbatus or C. typhae; however, M. morys was the most common parasitoid associated with C. turbatus. Herbst) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) se nourrissent des graines de la cardaire drave et de la capselle bourse-à -pasteur (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. et Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.), deux plantes envahissantes en Amérique du Nord. En Amérique du Nord, C. turbatus est un candidat pour la lutte biologique contre la cardaire drave, C. typhae est adventice et les deux espèces sont sympatriques avec le charançon de la graine du chou (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)), un ravageur exotique envahissant du colza (Brassica napus L. et Brassica rapa L., Brassicaceae). Nous avons étudié les associations d'hô tes entre C. turbatus, C. typhae et leurs parasitoïdes en Europe. La spécificité d'hô te de Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) et celle de Mesopolobus morys (Walker) (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) sont particulièrement intéressantes et ces espèces sont des candidats pour la lutte biologique contre C. obstrictus en Amérique du Nord. Nous n'avons aucune indication que T. perfectus attaque C. turbatus ou C. typhae; cependant, M. morys est le parasitoïde le plus communément associé à C. turbatus. Résumé-EnEurope, Ceutorhynchus turbatus Schultze et Ceutorhynchus typhae ([Traduit par la Rédaction]

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“…snails) which have been damaging, sometimes severely so, to certain native faunas. With insects, some of the early introductions of insect natural enemies may have been damaging and may possibly have even caused some extinctions, particularly of Pacific island faunas (Howarth, 1991). It is difficult to scientifically prove that a natural enemy has been the prime cause of an extinction or whether it has been neutral or, conversely, synergistic, with other factors such as biotope modification, pathogen stress, or working alongside already-present parasitoids or predators.…”

Section: Abroadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives

Samways

1993

Biodivers Conserv

100

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The Insecta is the most speciose class in the Animal Kingdom. The insect-plant relationship is the dominant biotic interaction, yet plants have many times the biomass of all animals together. The functional significance of insects is enormous, owing to the large numbers of individuals and great intra-and interspecific variety. Lack of human appreciation of importance, coupled with the general disregard and dislike of insects, is an enormous perception impediment to their conservation. This impediment coupled with the taxonomic impediment (at most only about 7-10% of insects are scientifically described) must be overcome for realistic biodiversity conservation. As it is not possible to know all the species relative to the rate at which they are becoming extinct, it is essential to conserve as many biotopes and landscapes as possible. These would be for typical species and communities, as well as for endemic sinks. It is also essential to preserve speciesdynamo areas as an insurance for future biodiversity. Preserved areas must also be linked by movement and gene-flow corridors as much as possible. Recognition, functional importance, taxic uniqueness, typicalness, genetic variation and important behavioural traits place much more emphasis on qualitative biodiversity conservation than on quantitative approaches. Ecological entomologists play a significant double role, suppressing noxious populations on crops, livestock and other products, while at the same time identifying and using beneficial species. There are well-known inherent and environmental risks with many traditional control methods and high risks with the use of genetically engineered biopesticide baculoviruses. Preservation technologies, where individuals are held in suspended animation, must be developed soon. However, such technologies, as with restoration activities such as site restoration, captive breeding, reintroductions and translocations, all require considerable knowledge and economic input to be predictably successful. Ecological restoration involves so many biotic and abiotic interactions in even the simplest of communities, that predictiveness under all potential conditions is virtually unattainable. Instead, there should be strong focus on the preservation and conservation of as many, and as large as possible, pristine and near-pristine unique and typical landscapes as soon as possible.

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Environmental Impacts of Classical Biological Control

Cited by 675 publications

References 0 publications

Adventive (Non‐Native) Insects: Importance to Science and Society

Adventive (Non‐Native) Insects: Importance to Science and Society

Larval phenologies and parasitoids of two seed-feeding weevils associated with hoary cress and shepherd's purse (Brassicaceae) in Europe

Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives

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