Environmental impact on the temporal production of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in the mixed breeding system of Viola pubescens

Sternberger, Anne L.; Ruhil, Anirudh V. S.; Rosenthal, D.I.; Ballard, Harvey E.; Wyatt, Sarah E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229726

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Thus, cleistogamy expression in C. broussonetii would be mainly prompted by abiotic factors such as degraded microenvironmental conditions, as documented elsewhere for other CL species ( e.g . Uphof 1938; Stojanova et al 2020; Furukawa et al 2020; Sternberger et al 2020). However, despite the lack of influence of the pollination environment in the expression of cleistogamy in our study sites, we did observe differences in the relative reproductive success between CH and CL flowers in burned sites, where CH flowers set more seeds than CL flowers in both low and high fire frequency conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CH flowers, in contrast, when cross‐pollinated, produce genetically diverse progeny, thereby maintaining or increasing genetic diversity (Culley & Klooster 2007; Koontz et al 2017). While the production of CL and CH flowers can be determined by genetic factors, biotic and abiotic factors are highly relevant for triggering the occurrence of cleistogamy as either an adaptive strategy or simply as a plastic response to enviromental changes (Clay 1983; Schoen & Lloyd 1984; Sternberger et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental factors such as soil moisture and nutrition, light levels and plant size may influence the production of CL and CH flowers (Lu 2002; Munguía‐Rosas et al 2013; Furukawa et al 2020). At the microsite scale, abiotic resource limitation usually increases cleistogamy expression, as this phenotype provides a high ratio of fitness/cost returns, maximizing reproductive success (Lloyd 1984; Veena & Nampy 2019; Stojanova et al 2020; Sternberger et al 2020). In addition, biotic factors, such as pollinator activity, can influence cleistogamy expression, as CL flowers can assure seed production via selfing when floral visitors are absent or unpredictable (Culley & Klooster 2007; Panique & Caruso 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance inCologania broussonetii

2021

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Increased fire frequency usually erodes microenvironmental conditions, causing a drastic limitation of edaphic resources. Thus, the production of permanently closed‐small flowers (cleistogamous, CL) should increase in sites with high fire frequency as this implies a less expensive reproductive assurance strategy. However, because open, insect‐pollinated flowers (chasmogamous, CH) have the potential capacity to outcross via pollinators, CH progeny produced at any site should outperform selfed CL progeny. We evaluate the effect of fire frequency on the relative production of CL/CH flowers and fruits, and their seed set, along with several progeny performance parameters in Cologania broussonetii (Fabaceae), a resprouting herb with dimorphic cleistogamy native to the Chaco Serrano. Fire frequency increased cleistogamy expression, reaching extreme levels in high fire frequency sites. Seed set was similarly high for both CH and CL flowers in the unburned condition, while in burned sites the few developed CH flowers set more seeds than CL flowers. However, progeny performance was similar between CH and CL progeny at each and across all fire frequency conditions. Cleistogamy expression in C. broussonetii is maximized in abiotically degraded frequently burned habitats, although the selfed CL progeny is as successful as potentially outcrossed CH progeny. Fire frequency may decreased floral size and abundance, selecting for autogamous reproduction, which restricts not only the genetic potential of plant populations but also the resources offered to pollinators. At the community level, increased cleistogamy expression may potentially have negative implications for non‐cleistogamous, more outcrossing species surviving in frequently burned environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance inCologania broussonetii

2021

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“…Cleistogamy might be beneficial in unfavorable environmental and resource-poor conditions where the abundance of pollinators is drastically reduced, and self-pollinated CL flowers assure reproductive success [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This breeding system is plastic, and the frequency of CL and CH flowers on an individual plant and the timing of flowering may vary depending on environmental conditions as adaptation to heterogenous habitats [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cleistogamy is relatively common in V iola , the largest genus in the family Violaceae, comprising ca. 600 species distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere [ 24 , 25 ], which has been used as a good model for studying cleistogamy [ 5 , 11 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Most North Hemisphere Viola sections are characterized by seasonal cleistogamy in which CH and CL flowers do not develop simultaneously on an individual plant, but temporal production of CH and CL flowers is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as light quantity, canopy cover, photoperiod, temperature, soil pH and moisture [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Simultaneous Cleistogamy in Rostrate Violets (Viola, subsect. Rostratae, Violaceae)

Ammarellou

Żabicka

Słomka

et al. 2021

Plants

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The special mixed reproductive system, i.e., the ability of an individual plant to develop both open, chasmogamous (CH) flowers adapted to cross-pollination and closed, cleistogamous (CL) flowers with obligate self-pollinating, is a common phenomenon in Viola L. In most sections of Northern Hemisphere violets, cleistogamy is seasonal, and CH and CL flowers develop sequentially in the season. Non-seasonal cleistogamy (simultaneous) is a rare phenomenon in rostrate violets. In the current study, we focused on modification of the CH/CL mating system in V. caspia by environmental conditions, resulting in a gradual switch from temporal cleistogamy, occurring in nature, to simultaneous cleistogamy under greenhouse conditions. V. reichenbachiana with seasonal cleistogamy was the control for V. caspia with the labile seasonal/simultaneous cleistogamy system. In simultaneous cleistogamy, the CH and CL flowers, fruits and seeds developed on an individual plant at the same time on the same branch. The typical difference between CH and CL flowers’ pistils is a straight style ending with a head-like stigma in CH and a curved style in CL adapted to self-pollination. This trait persists in the fruit and seed stages, allowing for easy recognition of fruit of CL and CH flowers in simultaneous cleistogamy. Floral meristems of CH flowers of V. reichenbachiana developed on the rhizome at the end of the growing season under short-day conditions and remained dormant until the following season. The CL floral meristems formed under long-day conditions on elongating lateral branches in the upper leaf axils. The daily temperature influenced the variable CH/CL ratio of V. caspia in nature and greenhouse conditions. Regulation of the CL/CH flower ratio by modifying environmental factors is important for basic research on genetic/epigenetic regulation of cleistogamy and for practical use to produce genetically stable lines of economically important species via CL seeds.

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Selective forces on the maintenance of outcrossing in an almost exclusively cleistogamous violet species

Seguí

Hervías‐Parejo

Traveset

2021

American J of Botany

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Premise Cleistogamous species constitute interesting study systems to resolve the longstanding question of how outcrossing is maintained given that seed production is ensured through selfing. In this work, we investigate the selective forces that allow the persistence of producing self‐pollinated cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) flowers in Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin. Methods We monitored three populations at different elevation for two years, and studied the flowering phenology and the relative contribution of each flower morph to parental fitness. We tested whether allocation to CH and CL flowers differed across populations and if it covaried with herbivory and water stress conditions. We also performed hand‐pollination and bagging experiments in CH flowers to estimate inbreeding depression and heterosis. Results The CH flowers open in winter under unfavorable conditions for pollination, show high pollen limitation and no‐delayed selfing, and thus produce a low amount of seeds. Conversely, CL flowers appear in early spring, are physiologically cheaper to produce (i.e., dry weight is 3.4 times lower than that of CH flowers), and yield approximately 100 times more seeds than CH flowers. The CH flowers were favored under water stress and low herbivory. Crosses between populations showed up to 25% greater fitness than those within populations. Conclusions Despite the great pollen limitation in CH flowers, we suggest that the interaction among different environmental determinants and heterosis are probably sufficient forces to maintain chasmogamy in this long‐lived species, reducing deleterious fixed mutations in the selfed lines.

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Environmental impact on the temporal production of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in the mixed breeding system of Viola pubescens

Cited by 13 publications

References 52 publications

Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance inCologania broussonetii

Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance inCologania broussonetii

Seasonal and Simultaneous Cleistogamy in Rostrate Violets (Viola, subsect. Rostratae, Violaceae)

Selective forces on the maintenance of outcrossing in an almost exclusively cleistogamous violet species

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