Environmental impact of unleaded gasolines in the bay of Cádiz (Spain)

Ligero, R.A.; Casas-Ruíz, M.; Barrera, M.; López-Aguayo, Francisco; Sales, D.; García, Daniel Rey

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00152-1

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The heavy metal content normalized to the terrigenous fraction (Zn, Cu and Pb) has increased since the 1930s (Figure 9), in agreement with previous historical studies on metal contamination in the area (Ligero et al, 2002, 2004). Ratios of Zn/Al and Cu/Al increased notably from 1930 to 1970, remaining more constant, or even decreasing (in Z2), since the 1980s.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, Pb/Rb ratios increased from the 1970s in Z1, and even from 1940 in Z2, up to the mid-1990s. These changes in heavy metal contamination clearly reflect the evolution of urban development, including increased road traffic (for Pb), and of the industrial activity (mainly naval) in the area (Gomez-Parra et al, 1984; Ligero et al, 2004, 2002; Ponce et al, 2000). In addition, these results suggest that levels of contamination in the inner Cadiz Bay were higher between 1970 and the mid-1990s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The rapid increase in Zn/Al and Cu/Al ratios in the 1950s coincides with the peak in activity of the naval industry; the subsequent decrease in the 1980s corresponds with the closure of the naval industry in the area and its transformation to automobile and aerospace manufacturing (Figure 9). Conversely, the existence of other sources for Pb, such as motor vehicle emissions (Gomez-Parra et al, 1984; Ligero et al, 2004) or urban effluents (Ponce et al, 2000), can explain the different temporal evolution of the Pb/Rb ratio in comparison with Zn/Al and Cu/Al ratios. The introduction of unleaded gasoline at the end of 1980s significantly reduced contamination by this metal in Cadiz Bay in the following years (Ligero et al, 2004); however, an increased input of Pb via urban effluents due to population growth might explain why levels maintained high after the 1990s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multiproxy study distinguishes environmental change from diagenetic alteration in the recent sedimentary record of the inner Cadiz Bay (SW Spain)

et al. 2016

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In this study we reconstruct the recent environmental evolution of the inner Cadiz Bay using sedimentary records reaching back as far as 1700 AD. We report lithological descriptions of the sediments, and extensive mineralogical and geochemical analyses. An extraction technique that identifies different Fe phases provides an assessment of diagenetic alteration, which allows an estimation of the original organic matter inputs to the inner Cadiz Bay. Downcore variations in

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multiproxy study distinguishes environmental change from diagenetic alteration in the recent sedimentary record of the inner Cadiz Bay (SW Spain)

et al. 2016

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“…In recent years, numerous studies have assessed the influence of traffic emissions on the levels of Pb. [14][15][16] shows that the combustion of leaded gasoline was the primary source of Pb, in addition some workers have reported a positive correlation between Cu, Zn and Pb and have interpreted it as derivation of the same source of contaminants [17,18]. Similarly, the environmental chemistry of chromium has been widely studied [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Heavy Metals, pH, Organic Matter and Organic Carbon in Roadside Soils in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Akan¹,

Audu²,

Audu³

et al. 2013

JEP

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Roadside soil samples were collected from four sites (heavy traffic area (Wurukum); industrial site (Gboko road); residential area (Federal Lowcost) and Federal Medical Center (Wadata) representing different activities across the Benue Metropolis. At each of the sample site, roadside soils were collected at different distance from the edge of the main road (2, 10, 30, 40 and 60 meters). In each of the distance, roadside soil were collected at three depth of 0 -1 cm, 2 -4 cm and 4 -6 cm for the determination of pH, organic matter, organic carbon, Cu, Cd, Fe, Pb, As, Mn, Zn, Cd and Ni. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter and organic carbon were determined using standard procedures, while heavy metals were determined using Perkin-Elmer Analyst 300 Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Zinc was observed to show the higher levels in all the sampling sites, such higher level can be related back to the wear-and-tear of vehicle components as a result of the stop-start traffic patterns and brake pads. The concentrations of all the metals in the four sampling sites decreased exponentially with distance from the edge of the road and dropped to the minimum levels at about 60 meters. Similarly, mean concentrations of Cu, Fe, Pb, As, Mn, Zn, Cd and Ni were significantly higher around the industrial area (Gboko road) and heavy traffic (Wurunkum) areas than other sampling areas followed an increasing trend with the increase in depth. The vertical movement of all the metals, exhibited predominant association with soil pH and organic carbon. From the results of this study, the pH of the roadside soils from all the sampling points ranged from 4.56 to 7.71, which enhances increased of heavy metals down the soil profiles. Organic carbon content ranged of 0.27% to 5.44% across all the sampling points appears to increase the mobility of all the metals to a depth 6 cm. The values of the heavy metals suggest that automobiles and traffic activities are a major source of these metals in the roadside soil within the study area. Also, with the exception of Pb, Fe and Cd, the levels of Cu, As, Mn, Zn and Ni in the present study were lower as compared with results found by other researcher in various countries worldwide.

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“…In addition, the presence of several metallic species in fuel reduces the efficiency of catalytic reactors in vehicle exhaust systems, thereby increasing the emission of exhaust gases. [3][4][5][6] Among the elements cited, traces of Cu, Fe, Zn are commonly found in gasoline despite not being used as additives. These elements are associated to the fuel degradation and pollution problems mentioned above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of copper, iron, lead and zinc in gasoline by sequential multi-element flame atomic absorption spectrometry after solid phase extraction

Santos¹,

Korn²,

Guida³

et al. 2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Desenvolveu-se um procedimento para determinação de cobre, ferro, chumbo e zinco em amostras de gasolina. O procedimento foi baseado na pré-concentração dos metais empregando uma resina modificada com o ácido 3,4-dihidroxibenzóico (XAD-DHB), seguida da dessorção com solução ácida. Os analitos no eluato foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama multielementar seqüencial (FS-FAAS). As amostras de gasolina foram preparadas como microemulsões misturando-se 80 mL de amostra com 17 mL de propan-1-ol e 3 mL de solução tampão (pH 10). As variáveis físico-químicas que influenciam no processo de extração foram otimizadas. Os LODs obtidos foram 2,2 mg L -1 para Fe, 3,1 mg L -1 para Cu, 2,3 mg L -1 para Pb, e 2,6 mg L -1 para Zn. Os valores de RSDs das concentrações dos analitos nas amostras enriquecidas com 0,05 e 0,1 mg L -1 de cada metal variaram de 5,8 a 9,7%. As recuperações variaram de 82 a 99%. O método foi aplicado na determinação dos analitos em níveis de μg L -1 em amostras de gasolinas coletadas em postos revendedores de Salvador, BA, Brasil.A procedure was developed for determination of copper, iron, lead and zinc in gasoline. The procedure was based on the preconcentration of metals using a resin modified with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (XAD-DHB), followed by desorption with an acid eluent. The components in the eluate were then determined by fast sequence flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FS-FAAS). The gasoline samples were prepared as microemulsions by mixing 80 mL of sample with 17 mL of propan-1-ol and 3 mL of a buffer solution (pH 10). The chemical and physical variables influencing the extraction were optimized. The LODs obtained were 2.2 mg L -1Pb and 2.6 mg L -1 Zn. The RSDs ranged from 5.8 to 9.7% in samples spiked with 0.05 and 0.1 mg L -1 of each metal and recoveries varied from 82 to 99%. The procedure was suitable for determination of the analytes at mg L -1 levels in gasoline samples collected from several gas stations in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. Keywords: preconcentration, metal, gasoline, solid phase extraction, FS-FAAS IntroductionGasoline and diesel engines emit a large amount of pollutants and are major sources of urban air pollution. 1Emissions related to automobile fuel combustion contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution, ultimately reducing air quality and negatively affecting human health. The gasoline used as fuel in automobiles may contain metalloids and metallic elements such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, As, Cd, Hg, Se and Tl. These elements are derived from the raw product, but can also be introduced as additives during production or contaminants during storage. 2 The presence of such species in gasoline can cause various problems, such as air pollution, fuel degradation, precipitate Santos et al. 553 Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011 formation, and possible damage of motor parts. In addition, the presence of several metallic species in fuel reduces the efficiency of catalytic reactors in vehicle exhaust systems, thereby increasing the emission of exha...

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Environmental impact of unleaded gasolines in the bay of Cádiz (Spain)

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

A multiproxy study distinguishes environmental change from diagenetic alteration in the recent sedimentary record of the inner Cadiz Bay (SW Spain)

A multiproxy study distinguishes environmental change from diagenetic alteration in the recent sedimentary record of the inner Cadiz Bay (SW Spain)

Assessment of Heavy Metals, pH, Organic Matter and Organic Carbon in Roadside Soils in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Determination of copper, iron, lead and zinc in gasoline by sequential multi-element flame atomic absorption spectrometry after solid phase extraction

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