Environmental impact and natural hazards on Kharga Oasis monumental sites, Western Desert of Egypt

Salman, Abdel Aty B.; Howari, Fares M.; El-Sankary, Mohamed M.; Wali, Ahmed A.; Saleh, Mohsen

doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.03.011

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…These dune belts continue through the Kharga depression where several groups of barchan belts are formed and extend southward far beyond the depression (Salman et al, 2010).Climatic variations and their consequent earth-surface processes represent the most prominent factor delineating the environmental impact on the study area in the present hyperaridSouth Western Desert of Egypt in the Eastern Sahara. Geological, archaeological and paleoclimatic reconstructions indicate that the climate of the Eastern Sahara during the early to mid-Holocene (9300-4500 years BP) was much wetter than today (Haynes, 1982;Szabo et al, 1995;Yu and Harrison, 1996;Claussen and Gayler, 1997;El-Baz et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, towards the south and west, the depression floor merges gradually into the Nubia Sandstone open desert. Geomorphologically, the landscape is considered as neither high plateau in the northern and eastern boundaries, or lowlying depression floor, meanwhile the pediment areas in-between, are considered as badlands (Salman et al 2010). …”

Section: The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geology of the Western Desert, including Kharga Oasis, is very well documented in KnetschandYallouze, 1955;Said, 1962Said, , 1990Issawi and El-Hinnawi, 1982;Salman, 1984;Salman et al,1984;Embabi, 2004;El-Hinnawi et al, 2005;and Salman et al, 2010. From the geologic point of view, the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sedimentary sequence overlies nonconformably the Precambrian basement rocks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, its termination shows depletion of the aquifer during several centuries when exploitation of the non-renewable groundwater resources represented the adaptation strategy of the Neolithic population. In addition, increasing aridity became pronounced about 3000 years ago (Besler, 2000), which was expressed in sand dune reactivation and migration further south in the Western Desert of Egypt (Salman et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate Effects on archaeological buildings forming the Roman temples: Dush Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt as a Case Study

Ismael¹

2015

JGES

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The archaeological buildings worldwide are relics that have a great historical value recording and revealing nations' events throughout thousands of years. These events are recorded through paintings, rock art, engraves and inscriptions. The construction rocks that had been used for building the archaeological site may be sedimentary, meta-sediments, or basement rocks of small or large dimensions.Climate is the act of all atmospheric events such as rainfall, temperature, wind, air pressure and humidity etc. In last few decades, the alterations about climate observed in Egypt negatively affected the archaeological buildings, the cultural riches of the country that they have been worn out by various natural effects for a long time. However, since archaeological buildings have great importance due to their identity of transferring old era information to the future generations, there should be taken special precautions against deteriorations on the monumental buildings.Weathering processes are acting physically, chemically and/or biologically on a given material based on material's properties, its geographic orientation and intensity of the predominant weathering process. The aim of the current study is to measure the climate effects on Dush temple stones. To achieve that aim the current study found out the distribution of rock's damage categories on the wall sides of Dushtemple.Examining rock properties including its petrography, mineralogy, petrophysical and mechanical properties on one hand; and defining the damage category of some wall sides of this temple are considered to find out the inter-relation between the geographic orientations of the wall side with its damage category.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Climate Effects on archaeological buildings forming the Roman temples: Dush Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt as a Case Study

Ismael¹

2015

JGES

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“…However, towards the south and west, the depression floor merges gradually into the Nubia Sandstone open desert. Geomorphologically, the landscape is considered as neither high plateau in the northern and eastern boundaries, or lowBrought to you by | MIT Libraries Authenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 11:40 PM lying depression floor, meanwhile the pediment areas in-between, are considered as badlands (Salman et al 2010). (Salman et al 2010.P.343) 1.1.…”

Section: The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Climate and Its Impacts on Egyptian Civilized Heritage: Ei-Nadura Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt As a Case Study

Ismael¹

2015

Present Environment and Sustainable Development

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Abstract. Undoubtedly, El-Kharga Oasis monumental sites are considered an important part of our world´s cultural heritage in the South Western Desert of Egypt. These sites are scattered on the floor of the oasis representing ancient civilizations. The Roman stone monuments in Kharga represent cultural heritage of an outstanding universal value. Such those monuments have suffered weathering deterioration. There are various elements which affect the weathering process of stone monuments: climate conditions, shapes of cultural heritages, exposed time periods, terrains, and vegetation around them, etc. Among these, climate conditions are the most significant factor affecting the deterioration Archeological sites in Egypt. El-Kharga Oasis belongs administratively to the New Valley Governorate. It is located in the southern part of the western desert of Egypt, lies between latitudes 22º30'14" and 26º00'00" N, and between 30º27'00" and 30º47'00" E. The area of El Kharga Oasis covers about 7500 square kilometers. Pilot studies were carried out on the EI-Nadura Temple, composed of sandstones originating from the great sand sea. The major objective of this study is to monitor and measure the weathering features and the weathering rate affecting the building stones forming ElNadora Roman building rocks in cubic cm. To achieve that aims the present study used analysis of climatic data such as annual and seasonal solar radiation, Monthly average number of hours of sunshine, maximum and minimum air temperatures, wind speed, which have obtained from actual field measurements and data Meteorological Authority of El-Kharga station for the period 1941 to 2000 (60 years), and from the period 1941-2050 (110 years) as a long term of temperature data. Several samples were collected and examined by polarizing microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (SEM-EDX). The results were in agreement with the observed values in the study area. The deterioration of El-Nadora temple is above 45 % of original temple (138-161 BC), these deteriorations have occurred not only due to the age of the structures, but also due to the climate elements. It was found that the climate is the most important elements influencing weathering. El-Nadora temple is highly influenced by wind action because it has built on a hill top 180 meter in hyper arid climate and exposed to wind without any obstruction. Finally, El-Nadora Temple has lost about 42.46 % of its original size, and if the rate of deterioration on those rates will disappear the major landmarks, symbols and inscriptions fully in 2150.

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Groundwater Modelling and Assessment Under Uncertain Hydrological Conditions for Egyptian Sahara

Mahmod

2017

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Environmental impact and natural hazards on Kharga Oasis monumental sites, Western Desert of Egypt

Cited by 46 publications

References 10 publications

Climate Effects on archaeological buildings forming the Roman temples: Dush Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt as a Case Study

Climate Effects on archaeological buildings forming the Roman temples: Dush Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt as a Case Study

The Climate and Its Impacts on Egyptian Civilized Heritage: Ei-Nadura Temple in El- Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt As a Case Study

Groundwater Modelling and Assessment Under Uncertain Hydrological Conditions for Egyptian Sahara

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